Visual effects — often abbreviated as VFX — are those elements of a shot which cannot be achieved exclusively by practical means during principal photography . They can be accomplished with the varying techniques of CGI , model work and other techniques. Even practical effects can be used as an element in a "visual effects shot", as when specially filmed flame or lava effects are composited into a scene.
For the most part, the starting "canvass" for a VFX is a blue or green screen placed behind actors during principal photography. This solid patch of colour can then be removed and replaced with another image. During much of the original series, this was achieved through a process known as colour separation overlay , whereby a blue screen would be fed images during the live recording of the shot. Since the TV movie , most of the VFX seen on Doctor Who have been achieved through the use of CGI, a more nuanced approach which allows elements rendered on a computer to be composited into a shot captured during principal photography. As contrasted with CSO and other optical/analogue effects, CGI work is completed exclusively in post-production . For this reason, many no longer consider CSO to be a true visual effect, but rather a "special effect ".
The term describes both the title the work and the work itself. Thus The Mill provided VFX and were given the title of "Visual Effects" in the credits of Doctor Who The Day of the Doctor Milk filled this role instead.
Story
Visual effects
42 The Mill
Adam The Mill
Adrift The Mill
An Adventure in Space and Time Chris Panton
The Age of Steel The Mill
Aliens of London The Mill
The Almost People The Mill
Amy's Choice BBC Wales Graphics
The Angels Take Manhattan The Mill , Stargate Studios
Arachnids in the UK DNEG TV
Army of Ghosts The Mill
Asylum of the Daleks The Mill
Bad Wolf The Mill
The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos DNEG TV
The Beast Below The Mill
Before the Flood Milk VFX
The Bells of Saint John The Mill
Blink The Mill
The Blood Line Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
Boom Town The Mill
Brave-ish Heart Milk VFX , BBC Wales Graphics
Captain Jack Harkness The Mill
The Caretaker Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
The Categories of Life Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
Children of Earth: Day Five The Mill
Children of Earth: Day Four The Mill
Children of Earth: Day One The Mill
Children of Earth: Day Three The Mill
Children of Earth: Day Two The Mill
A Christmas Carol The Mill
The Christmas Invasion The Mill
Closing Time BBC Wales Graphics , The Mill
Co-Owner of a Lonely Heart Milk VFX , BBC Wales Graphics
The Coach with the Dragon Tattoo Milk VFX , BBC Wales Graphics
Cold Blood The Mill
Cold War The Mill
Combat The Mill
Countrycide The Mill
The Crimson Horror The Mill
The Curse of Clyde Langer BBC Wales VFX
The Curse of Fatal Death Andy McVean
The Curse of the Black Spot The Mill
Cyberwoman The Mill
Dalek The Mill
Daleks in Manhattan The Mill
Dark Water BBC Wales VFX , Milk VFX
Day One The Mill
A Day in the Death The Mill
The Day of the Clown Craig Higgins
The Day of the Doctor Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Day of the Moon The Mill
Dead Man Walking The Mill
Dead of Night Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
Death in Heaven Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Death of the Doctor BBC Wales VFX
Deep Breath Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Demons of the Punjab DNEG TV
Detained Milk VFX , BBC Wales Graphics
Dinosaurs on a Spaceship The Mill
The Doctor Dances The Mill
The Doctor Falls Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Doctor Who Northwest Imaging & FX
The Doctor's Daughter The Mill
The Doctor's Wife The Mill
The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe The Mill
Doomsday The Mill
The Eaters of Light Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
The Eleventh Hour The Mill
Empress of Mars Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
The Empty Child The Mill
The Empty Planet BBC Wales VFX
End of Days The Mill
The End of Time The Mill
End of the Road Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
The End of the World The Mill
Enemy of the Bane The Mill
Escape to LA Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
The Eternity Trap Craig Higgins
Everything Changes The Mill
Evolution of the Daleks The Mill
Exit Wounds The Mill
Extremis Milk VFX
Eye of the Gorgon The Mill
Face the Raven Milk VFX
The Family of Blood The Mill
Father's Day The Mill
Fear Her The Mill
The Fires of Pompeii The Mill
Flatline Axis VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Flesh and Stone The Mill
For Tonight We Might Die Milk VFX , BBC Wales Graphics
Forest of the Dead The Mill
Fragments The Mill
From Out of the Rain The Mill
The Gathering Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
Ghost Machine The Mill
The Ghost Monument DNEG TV
The Gift Craig Higgins
The Girl Who Died Milk VFX
The Girl Who Waited The Mill
The Girl in the Fireplace The Mill
The God Complex BBC Wales Graphics
A Good Man Goes to War The Mill
Goodbye, Sarah Jane Smith BBC Wales VFX
Greeks Bearing Gifts The Mill
Gridlock The Mill
Heaven Sent Milk VFX
Hell Bent Milk VFX
Hide The Mill
Human Nature The Mill
The Hungry Earth The Mill
The Husbands of River Song Axis VFX
The Idiot's Lantern The Mill
Immortal Sins Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
The Impossible Astronaut The Mill
The Impossible Planet The Mill
In the Forest of the Night Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Into the Dalek Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Invasion of the Bane The Mill
It Takes You Away DNEG TV
Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS The Mill
Journey's End The Mill
Kerblam! DNEG TV
Kill the Moon Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang The Mill
Knock Knock Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Last Christmas Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
The Last Sontaran Craig Higgins , The Mill
Last of the Time Lords The Mill
The Lazarus Experiment The Mill
Let's Kill Hitler The Mill
The Lie of the Land Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Listen Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
The Lodger BBC Wales Graphics
The Long Game The Mill
The Lost Boy The Mill
Lost in Time BBC Wales VFX
Love & Monsters The Mill
The Mad Woman in the Attic Craig Higgins
The Magician's Apprentice Milk VFX
The Man Who Never Was BBC Wales VFX
The Mark of the Berserker Craig Higgins
Meat The Mill
The Metaphysical Engine, or What Quill Did Milk VFX , BBC Wales Graphics
The Middle Men Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
Midnight The Mill
Mona Lisa's Revenge Craig Higgins
Mummy on the Orient Express Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
The Name of the Doctor Stargate Studios
New Earth The Mill
The New World Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
The Next Doctor The Mill
Night Terrors The Mill
The Nightmare Man BBC Wales VFX
Nightmare in Silver Stargate Studios
Nightvisiting Milk VFX , BBC Wales Graphics
Orphan 55 DNEG TV
Out of Time The Mill
Oxygen BBC Wales VFX , Milk VFX
The Parting of the Ways The Mill
Partners in Crime The Mill
The Pilot Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Planet of the Dead The Mill
Planet of the Ood The Mill
The Poison Sky The Mill
The Power of Three The Mill , Space Digital
Prisoner of the Judoon Craig Higgins
The Pyramid at the End of the World Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Random Shoes The Mill
The Rebel Flesh The Mill
Rendition Lion Visual Effects, Inc.
Reset The Mill
Resolution DNEG TV
The Return of Doctor Mysterio Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Revenge of the Slitheen The Mill
The Rings of Akhaten The Mill
Rise of the Cybermen The Mill
Robot of Sherwood Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Rosa DNEG TV
Rose The Mill
The Runaway Bride The Mill
The Satan Pit The Mill
School Reunion The Mill
Secrets of the Stars Craig Higgins
The Shakespeare Code The Mill
Silence in the Library The Mill
Sky BBC Wales VFX
Sleep No More Milk VFX
Sleeper The Mill
Small Worlds The Mill
Smile Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Smith and Jones The Mill
The Snowmen The Mill
Something Borrowed The Mill
The Sontaran Stratagem The Mill
The Sound of Drums The Mill
Spyfall DNEG TV
The Stolen Earth The Mill
The Temptation of Sarah Jane Smith Craig Higgins
They Keep Killing Suzie The Mill
Thin Ice Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Time Heist Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
The Time of Angels The Mill
The Time of the Doctor Milk VFX
To the Last Man The Mill
Tooth and Claw The Mill
A Town Called Mercy Space Digital
The Tsuranga Conundrum DNEG TV
Turn Left The Mill
Twice Upon a Time Milk VFX , BBC Wales VFX
Under the Lake Milk VFX
The Unicorn and the Wasp The Mill
The Unquiet Dead The Mill
Utopia The Mill
The Vampires of Venice The Mill
The Vault of Secrets BBC Wales VFX
Victory of the Daleks The Mill
Vincent and the Doctor The Mill
Voyage of the Damned The Mill
Warriors of Kudlak The Mill
The Waters of Mars The Mill
The Wedding of River Song The Mill
The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith Craig Higgins
Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane? The Mill
The Witch's Familiar Milk VFX
The Witchfinders DNEG TV
The Woman Who Fell to Earth DNEG TV
World War Three The Mill
The Zygon Invasion Milk VFX
The Zygon Inversion Milk VFX
Television movie 
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