A translation circuit, or translation matrix, was a part of a TARDIS that allowed for the instantaneous translation of most languages spoken or written in the universe.
Basic functionality[]
As the Ninth Doctor once told Rose Tyler, the translation circuit was a "gift of the TARDIS, a telepathic field that gets inside your brain — translates." (TV: The End of the World [+]Russell T Davies, Doctor Who series 1 (BBC One, 2005).) The Doctor himself was a part of the circuit, without whom the circuit was broken. When the Tenth Doctor was incapacitated due to post-regenerative crisis, for example, Rose lost access to the circuit, and could no longer understand languages she did not personally know. (TV: The Christmas Invasion [+]Russell T Davies, Doctor Who Christmas special (BBC One, 2005).) Sometimes, the translation circuits would not work for passengers in different timezones. When Nyssa was trapped in 1957 while the Fifth Doctor and the TARDIS were in 1963, German signs were not translated for her. (AUDIO: 1963: Fanfare for the Common Men [+]Eddie Robson, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2013).) Bernice Summerfield experienced the effects of the translation circuit only when the TARDIS was around. As an archaeologist, she always felt this was "cheating". (AUDIO: Lies in Ruins [+]James Goss, The Legacy of Time (Big Finish Productions, 2019).)
Exactly who could take advantage of the circuit, and under what circumstances, was variable, suggesting the Doctor could change its settings in some way. The Fourth Doctor told Sarah Jane in Renaissance Italy that it was a "gift of the Time Lord" that he allowed her to share in. (TV: The Masque of Mandragora [+]Louis Marks, Doctor Who season 14 (BBC1, 1976).) The Fifteenth Doctor, when explaining the circuit to Ruby Sunday on her first trip to the future, demonstrated the ability to remotely deactivate the circuit in order to show Ruby what the language they were reading originally looked like. (TV: Space Babies [+]Russell T Davies, Doctor Who series 14 (BBC One and Disney+, 2024).) Bernice Summerfield found that she could understand all languages such as Hindustani, Punjabi, Urdu, Bengali, Tamil, Telegu, and Sontaran, and mused upon this in her diary. (PROSE: All-Consuming Fire [+]Andy Lane, Virgin New Adventures (Virgin Books, 1994).)
I hadn't had to learn a word: somehow my association with the Doctor had enabled me to understand any language I came across.
During the incident with the Sycorax on Christmas 2006, the translation circuit worked for all humans on the Sycorax ship, even though the Tenth Doctor was not, at the time, apparently aware of their presence. (TV: The Christmas Invasion [+]Russell T Davies, Doctor Who Christmas special (BBC One, 2005).) Even when Davros had swapped minds with the Doctor, he was able to "share" his body's gift of translation with Flip Jackson and Jared Ramon when they arrived back in 1815, allowing them to understand French despite the fact that Flip and Jared had never been inside the TARDIS. (AUDIO: The Curse of Davros [+]Jonathan Morris, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2012).) On yet another occasion, the Seventh Doctor told Elizabeth Klein that the telepathic field was limited to a certain radius around the TARDIS, with the Doctor losing the ability to communicate with the native Vrill once he moved beyond that radius, although this can be attributed to the fact that the Vrill communicated via smell, with the result that the language was so complex that the Doctor would be unable to even attempt to speak it on his own. (AUDIO: Survival of the Fittest [+]Jonathan Clements, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2010).) The Third Doctor was also "cut off" from the translator circuits when he was on the White Rock asteroid while the TARDIS was back on Draconia, preventing him from speaking languages such as Venusian on his own, although he was still able to understand such languages through his own experience. (AUDIO: Conspiracy in Space [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.)
The Ninth Doctor once mentioned that the translation systems had a swear filter that prevented the passengers from hearing any swear words; even an angry cavewoman's rants were translated as her saying, "Blinking", rather than a more apt phrase. (PROSE: Only Human [+]Gareth Roberts, BBC New Series Adventures (BBC Books, 2005).)
The translation circuit was apparently capable of translating for creatures without a language. Marnal, the previous owner of the Doctor's TARDIS, identified the animal language translators as one of the many functions in the TARDIS that was no longer in operation after the Doctor's botched repair work on his ship, but the Eighth Doctor dismissed these as irrelevant. (PROSE: The Gallifrey Chronicles [+]Lance Parkin, BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2005).) However, it would appear that the Doctor would later at least attempt to repair these circuits, as the Eleventh Doctor was able to barely communicate with a Krafayis, which were only of animal-level intelligence, (TV: Vincent and the Doctor [+]Richard Curtis, Doctor Who series 5 (BBC One, 2010).) and later apparently understood a horse when it told him its name. (TV: A Town Called Mercy [+]Toby Whithouse, Doctor Who series 7 (BBC One, 2012).)
Multilingual individuals were sometimes capable of identifying what language was being spoken. When the Fourth Doctor spent time conversing with Emmeline Neuberger, a native German speaker who also spoke reasonably good English, he responded to her with equal ease when she spoke to him in English and German without showing any sign that he noticed her change in language, Emmeline noting that she couldn't tell what language he was addressing her in. (PROSE: Wolfsbane [+]Jacqueline Rayner, BBC Past Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2003).) The Doctor tended to have more luck in identification. The Fourth Doctor identified the mercenary trader Garron as originating from Somerset simply by hearing his accent, despite the fact that he was on the planet Ribos at a time before it had become aware of other worlds and hence would have no reason for an Earth native to visit it. (TV: The Ribos Operation [+]Robert Holmes, Doctor Who season 16 (BBC1, 1978).) On another occasion, the Tenth Doctor used Madame de Pompadour's particular French accent to identify the century in which she lived, while Mickey simply assumed she was speaking English. (TV: The Girl in the Fireplace [+]Steven Moffat, Doctor Who series 2 (BBC One, 2006).) When Rose was talking to a pair of African mercenaries, she continually heard them talking in English even when they explicitly said that they would switch to an obscure African dialect that was only known in a small part of the continent in the 22nd century. (PROSE: The Art of Destruction [+]Stephen Cole, BBC New Series Adventures (BBC Books, 2006).)
The TARDIS translations were closer to the original language than other translators, although it would allow 'local' translations to take over if languages were already being translated. Selachian battlesuits had built in translators, giving them a harsh voice. When removed from their armour and in range of the TARDIS, their speech sounded more melodic, closer to the Ockoran's natural song-like language. (PROSE: The Final Sanction [+]Steve Lyons, BBC Past Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 1999).) Likewise, the translation circuit did not compensate for the glitch in Sil's translation system that caused his voice to sound so disturbing. (TV: Vengeance on Varos [+]Philip Martin, Doctor Who season 22 (BBC1, 1985).)
The TARDIS translator gave some individuals noticeable accents. It made Elizabeth Klein, a German-speaker, perceive the Seventh Doctor as having a "stuffy Prussian accent", (AUDIO: Survival of the Fittest [+]Jonathan Clements, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2010).) where he traditionally sounded Scottish to most native English speakers. Vincent van Gogh, a native Dutch speaker, assumed that Amy was from Holland due to her having a similar accent to his own. (TV: Vincent and the Doctor [+]Richard Curtis, Doctor Who series 5 (BBC One, 2010).) However, the Second Doctor, Jamie, Ben, and Polly still spoke in their usual accents while speaking Russian. (AUDIO: The Night Witches [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.)
It has been suggested on some occasions that the TARDIS translation also slightly modified peoples' minds so that they did not consciously register that they should be unable to understand the languages they were listening to. The Doctor was able to deduce that Sarah had been hypnotised when she directly asked how she was able to understand Italian during a trip to the fifteenth century. (TV: The Masque of Mandragora [+]Louis Marks, Doctor Who season 14 (BBC1, 1976).) On another occasion, when the Brigadier asked how he was able to understand German during a trip to a party thrown by the Nazis in Hitler's honour in 1942, the Sixth Doctor reflected that the champagne the Brigadier had drunk was probably responsible for him asking the question. (PROSE: The Shadow in the Glass [+]Justin Richards and Stephen Cole, BBC Past Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2001).)
As noted by Bill Potts, the circuit also appeared to handle lip synching, in that the speaker being translated would also appear to be moving their lips in time with what was being said in translation. (TV: The Eaters of Light [+]Rona Munro, Doctor Who series 10 (BBC One, 2017).)
Rose Tyler was able to use the TARDIS translation circuit to consciously write in Russian, when she did not speak the language. (PROSE: Rose and the Snow Window [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.)
Failure to translate[]
Although the circuit could translate a vast majority of languages that it encountered in the universe, there were some instances where the circuit failed.
Reasons for this varied, including debility of the Doctor, (TV: The Christmas Invasion [+]Russell T Davies, Doctor Who Christmas special (BBC One, 2005).) age of the language (TV: The Impossible Planet [+]Matt Jones, Doctor Who series 2 (BBC One, 2006)., AUDIO: Absolute Power [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.) and complexity or simplicity of the language. (AUDIO: Judoon in Chains [+]Simon Barnard and Paul Morris, Classic Doctors, New Monsters: Volume One (Classic Doctors, New Monsters, Big Finish Productions, 2016)., Death and the Queen [+]James Goss, The Tenth Doctor Adventures (Big Finish Productions, 2016).)
Notably, the TARDIS would not translate Gallifreyan script. (TV: A Good Man Goes to War [+]Steven Moffat, Doctor Who series 6 (BBC One, 2011)., AUDIO: Lies in Ruins [+]James Goss, The Legacy of Time (Big Finish Productions, 2019).)
When a speaker changed languages too quickly, the TARDIS translation circuit would take time to switch over. For example, the Eighth Doctor used the verb "courir" in French, surrounded by English words, and it was not automatically translated. (AUDIO: The Mummy Speaks! [+]Alan Barnes, Charlotte Pollard: The Further Adventuress (Big Finish Productions, 2022).) The Doctor was able to bypass the translation circuits to say minor phrases in other languages, such as "thanks" in Vietnamese (PROSE: Interesting Times [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.) or "Allons-y". (TV: Army of Ghosts [+]Russell T Davies, Doctor Who series 2 (BBC One, 2006)., et al.) The Twelfth Doctor once claimed this was because of his precise control over the translation circuits. (COMIC: Four Doctors [+]Paul Cornell, Titan summer events (Titan Comics, 2015).)
However, "overthink[ing] it" could trip this up. For example, Charlotte Pollard tried to say "et voila" and heard herself saying "there it is". She only managed "et voila" when she was trying to speak in English again. (AUDIO: The Mummy Speaks! [+]Alan Barnes, Charlotte Pollard: The Further Adventuress (Big Finish Productions, 2022).) Such phrases sounded to locals like another language. Donna Noble's attempts to speak Latin in Pompeii sounded to locals like Celtic. (TV: The Fires of Pompeii [+]James Moran, Doctor Who series 4 (BBC One, 2008).)
Words and phrases which did not exist in a certain language at a certain time would not be translated at all. In 79 AD, Pompeii resident Lobus Caecilius did not understand the word "volcano" when Donna Noble attempted to warn him about the coming eruption of Mount Vesuvius, as the word was only coined by the Romans after the disaster. (TV: The Fires of Pompeii [+]James Moran, Doctor Who series 4 (BBC One, 2008).) In 1983, Clara Oswald found onboard the Firebird that while her speech translated into perfect Russian, "hen night" and "karaoke" did not since those words did not exist in that language in that year. (TV: Cold War [+]Mark Gatiss, Doctor Who series 7 (BBC One, 2013).)
The written word took "longer to translate" than spoken language. This lag meant it took time before Amy Pond could read her daughter's name in the language of the Gamma Forests. (TV: A Good Man Goes to War [+]Steven Moffat, Doctor Who series 6 (BBC One, 2011).) While visiting Vincent van Gogh, the Doctor's TARDIS was covered in posters which remained in French. (TV: Vincent and the Doctor [+]Richard Curtis, Doctor Who series 5 (BBC One, 2010).) On Heaven, the Seventh Doctor claimed that the TARDIS could not translate writing since it didn't have a mind to read, and thus he was unable to read Heavenite. (PROSE: Love and War [+]Paul Cornell, Virgin New Adventures (Virgin Books, 1992).)
In his third incarnation, the Doctor knew the eyebrow language of the Delphon — musing later that this was one language that could not be translated automatically and it had taken some time for him to learn the subtle nuances of the language — but did not understand Chicken or Polari. (TV: Spearhead from Space [+]Robert Holmes, Doctor Who season 7 (BBC1, 1970)., Carnival of Monsters [+]Robert Holmes, Doctor Who season 10 (BBC1, 1973)., AUDIO: The Blame Game [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW., The Havoc of Empires [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.) When he was on the island of Salutua, the Doctor was unable to communicate with the Semquess, but this can be attributed to his current distance from the TARDIS- which was back in England thirty-six years in the future- and the complexity of the Semquess language, which both featured underwater communication and use of their multiple limbs. (PROSE: The Eye of the Giant [+]Christopher Bulis, Virgin Missing Adventures (Virgin Books, 1996).) The Eighth Doctor spoke gorilla, though it did not translate for Charlotte Pollard. (AUDIO: The Mummy Speaks! [+]Alan Barnes, Charlotte Pollard: The Further Adventuress (Big Finish Productions, 2022).)
When the Fifth Doctor and Vislor Turlough initially encountered the Phiadoran/Vrall Lytalia on the Moon in 1878, Turlough assumed that his inability to understand her was natural, but the Doctor soon realised that they had only failed to understand her because her language syntax was being replaced by English based on knowledge extracted from the brain enzymes of Sub-Lieutenant Granby, and she had merely been making random sounds to conceal this until she had another excuse to speak English. (PROSE: Imperial Moon [+]Christopher Bulis, BBC Past Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2000).)
The Hervoken language, encountered by the Tenth Doctor and Martha, couldn't be fully translated, although the essence was understood. (PROSE: Forever Autumn [+]Mark Morris, BBC New Series Adventures (BBC Books, 2007).)
Some languages that were too complex, like the Sittuun language encountered by Amy and the Eleventh Doctor, would not be translated. (PROSE: Night of the Humans [+]David Llewellyn, BBC New Series Adventures (BBC Books, 2010).) In other instances, if the idea was too complex, translation would be incomplete or faulty, an example being when the Fifth Doctor used the phrase, "We will have been here before", to describe the TARDIS arriving at a crater on the Moon in the early twenty-first century when the TARDIS would visit that location in 1878 in its personal future. (PROSE: Imperial Moon [+]Christopher Bulis, BBC Past Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2000).) The Seventh Doctor and Mel encountered Golosian, which was also too complex to be translated by the TARDIS, although a translator created during their visit to Dark Space 8 was able to provide an accurate translation of the Golosian language. (AUDIO: Bang-Bang-a-Boom! [+]Gareth Roberts and Clayton Hickman, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2002).) The Foamasi language also went untranslated. (TV: The Leisure Hive [+]David Fisher, Doctor Who season 18 (BBC1, 1980).) This was apparently due to the complexity, as the language stimulated the visual cortex of the brain, meaning Foamasi effectively saw their language. (PROSE: SLEEPY [+]Kate Orman, Virgin New Adventures (Virgin Books, 1996).) On the other hand, Judoonese was too basic to be translated. (AUDIO: Judoon in Chains [+]Simon Barnard and Paul Morris, Classic Doctors, New Monsters: Volume One (Classic Doctors, New Monsters, Big Finish Productions, 2016).)
Even some Earth languages did not translate. In the time of the Fifth Doctor, the TARDIS was unable to translate for Kurkutji, who spoke an old Aborigine dialect, although the Doctor's companion Tegan Jovanka was able to speak the language normally through personal knowledge. (TV: Four to Doomsday [+]Terence Dudley, Doctor Who season 19 (BBC1, 1982).) The Seventh Doctor noted that the TARDIS translator had always had trouble with Esperanto. (AUDIO: A Thousand Tiny Wings [+]Andy Lane, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2010).) The Eighth Doctor observed that some old Earth languages weren't automatically included in the TARDIS translation matrix, although he was able to understand some of those languages himself, such as ancient Egyptian dialects (AUDIO: The Mummy Speaks!).
Languages which predated the universe could also not be translated. The script written on the planet Krop Tor was not translatable. (TV: The Impossible Planet [+]Matt Jones, Doctor Who series 2 (BBC One, 2006).) A very old minotaur-like species couldn't be translated properly. Its words sounded like roars and grunts to the companions, and the Eleventh Doctor had difficulty understanding several words. (TV: The God Complex [+]Toby Whithouse, Doctor Who series 6 (BBC One, 2011).) Inscriptions on the very ancient Cradle of the Gods weren't translated in the eyes of the Eleventh Doctor and his companions. (PROSE: The Dalek Generation [+]Nicholas Briggs, BBC New Series Adventures (BBC Books, 2013).) The Jagaroth heiroglyphs which decorated Scaroth's micromeson scanner were from such an ancient civilisation that the telepathic circuits were unable to translate them for Romana. (PROSE: City of Death)
During a series of journeys on the Paris Metro, The Fourth Doctor and Romana found that several of the stations, such as "Marcadet-Poissonniers", "Tuileries" and "Trocadéro", had names which the TARDIS refused to translate because they were "so much fun". (PROSE: City 0f Death)
Sabotage[]
On some occasions, the TARDIS translation circuits could fail to work through deliberate action on the part of others. On one occasion, the Master disrupted the Third Doctor's attempt to talk to him by hacking the translation and telepathic circuits of the Doctor's TARDIS and feeding the Doctor's words back to him before he had spoken, resulting in his words coming out backwards. (TV: The Time Monster [+]Robert Sloman, Doctor Who season 9 (BBC1, 1972).)
Translation could be affected by the listener's own perceptions, as when the circuit initially failed to allow Anji Kapoor to understand the language of the intelligent tigers of the planet Hitchemus because Anji couldn't accept that the Tigers were sentient. (PROSE: The Year of Intelligent Tigers [+]Kate Orman, BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2001).)
When facing the alien artist Monos, who sought to use a psychic gauntlet to imprint his identity across London, the Doctor was able to defeat him by having Amy and Rory deliberately sabotage the translation circuit, scrambling all language in the ship's vicinity so that nobody could process Monos's name properly, giving the Doctor time to disable his equipment. (COMIC: Sticks and Stones [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.)
User interaction with the circuit[]
Companions[]
When the Tenth Doctor and Donna arrived in Pompeii, Donna wondered what would happen if she spoke Latin to the locals, whose native language was Latin. Instead of hearing Latin, at least one native speaker of Latin believed her to be speaking Celtic. (TV: The Fires of Pompeii [+]James Moran, Doctor Who series 4 (BBC One, 2008).)
Most of the Doctor's companions were native speakers of English, and the Doctor himself was a "master of English" — indeed a fan of the language. (AUDIO: ...ish [+]Phil Pascoe, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2002).) However, he did occasionally travel with non-English-speakers. Elizabeth Klein, a native German speaker, required the circuit just to communicate with the Doctor, (AUDIO: Survival of the Fittest [+]Jonathan Clements, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2010).) Adric spoke Alzarian (AUDIO: Zaltys [+]Matthew Elliott, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2017).) and C'rizz spoke Eutermesan. (AUDIO: Caerdroia [+]Lloyd Rose, Main Range (Big Finish Productions, 2004).)
The circuit could apparently be influenced by the passengers who travelled in it. When the Eighth Doctor, Fitz and Anji landed on a world where they encountered the "mooncalfs" - people born with some kind of genetic deformity, regarded as an abomination in this world - Fitz recalled the term from his childhood as referring to someone who was either a bit slow or someone considered a freak, speculating that the TARDIS translator chose a word that he knew to describe them because it was more "tuned in" to his "wavelength" given that he had spent longer travelling with the Doctor than Anji. (PROSE: Vanishing Point [+]Stephen Cole, BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2001).)
Anji had a particularly unusual relationship with the translation circuit. When dealing with the sentient tigers of the planet Hitchemus, she was actually able to ignore the circuit's attempts to translate at first because she initially couldn't accept that the tigers were sentient. (PROSE: The Year of Intelligent Tigers [+]Kate Orman, BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2001).) She actually learned a new language whilst travelling with the Doctor. Caught in the midst of the Spanish Civil War, she used her pre-existing fluency in French to quickly assimilate Catalan while she was in Barcelona. (PROSE: History 101 [+]Mags L. Halliday, BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2002).) It was unknown how she was able to experience traditional language learning whilst still nominally linked to the TARDIS.
Before travelling with the Eighth Doctor, Mary Shelley had been trying to learn German. When she travelled to Austria with the Doctor, she assumed that she was just picking up German faster when she could easily read the newspaper. (AUDIO: The Silver Turk [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.)
When travelling with the Sixth Doctor, Litefoot immediately noticed that the Venusians were speaking English when they should be speaking an alien language. Jago, on the other hand, thought Venusians would naturally speak English. (AUDIO: Voyage to Venus [+]Error: Code 2 - no data stored in variables, cache or SMW.)
When Troy Game first travelled in Lord Roche's TARDIS, as she was already naturally capable of speaking other languages due to her race's innate telepathy, the TARDIS instead augmented her natural abilities, increasing her telepathy and granting her a degree of direct empathy. (PROSE: The Suns of Caresh [+]Paul Saint, BBC Past Doctor Adventures (BBC Books, 2002).)
Before joining the Tenth Doctor in the TARDIS, June was unable to understand a conversation held in an alien language between the Doctor and Bartholomew, an alien. The Doctor, being naturally fluent in English, was able to speak English and the language of the alien simultaneously so that June could understand him. (PROSE: The Slitheen Excursion [+]Simon Guerrier, BBC New Series Adventures (BBC Books, 2009).)
Behind the scenes[]
The TARDIS crew's ability to understand other languages was first explained in the Doctor Who Annual 1967 in the story The Playthings of Fo, where it is attributed to an "automatic mental adjuster" in the TARDIS. The information is somewhat surprisingly conveyed by Shelly, who had only just joined the TARDIS. Following that, the only TV story in the whole of the 1963 version of Doctor Who to even touch upon the subject of language translation was The Masque of Mandragora, which referred to only as a "Time Lord's gift". The issue has had much greater prominence in the BBC Wales programme, which has then had an impact on the Big Finish past Doctor stories.