Miss was an honourific applied to unmarried women on Earth. (AUDIO: Whodunnit?) Strax was under the impression that it was a rank, rather than a gendered form of address, when he applied it to Clara Oswald. Clara conceded that it may as well have been a rank. (PROSE: Silhouette)
It was not unknown for a married woman to employ the title Miss as part of an alias for work purposes. (AUDIO: Whodunnit?)
Professor River Song took offence when referred to as "Miss Song", but held back these feelings while under cover at Golden Futures. (AUDIO: World Enough and Time)
Kate Stewart objected to being called Miss, as she was "not a governess in a Victorian novel", in favour of Ms. (AUDIO: The Power of River Song)
When the Quill known as Andra'ath (TV: Nightvisiting) came to live on Earth as a science teacher, she took on the name "Miss Quill". (TV: For Tonight We Might Die)
In 4126, Donna Noble took offence when an Ood addressed her as Miss, asking if she looked single. (TV: Planet of the Ood)