Clone

A clone was (usually) a genetic copy of another biological entity. Clones could be produced to be exact replicas with short lifespans, as the Fourth Doctor did for himself and that of Leela at the Bi-Al Foundation, (TV: The Invisible Enemy) or they could be clones of individual cells which were grown into a useable organism, as Cassandra O'Brien did for herself following the destruction of the skin taken from the front of her body, on Platform One. (TV: New Earth)

Espionage
A clone of Martha Jones was made by the Sontarans to infiltrate the United Nations Intelligence Taskforce. The clone had a mental link with the real Martha and could access her memories. If the link was broken, the clone would most likely not survive. The Sontarans used many clones to try to stop the Tenth Doctor from interfering with the conversion of the Earth's atmosphere and the subsequent invasion. The Doctor broke the link between Martha and the clone, killing it, but before it died, Martha used the fact that it still had some of her memories to convince it to help them. The clone explained that the ATMOS gas was clone feed. (TV: The Sontaran Stratagem / The Poison Sky)

Using blood samples taken from the Sixth Doctor in 2004, the Forge operative known as Nimrod created a multitude of clones in the form of the Sixth Doctor in order to discover the means of Time Lord regeneration. None of the clones could regenerate. They only had a one-in-ten chance of surviving birth and would not live very long afterwards. Nimrod had abandoned this project by the time of the Seventh Doctor's visit to the Forge's base in Dartmoor in 2008. (AUDIO: Project: Lazarus)

The Daleks had the technology to create duplicates of humanoids, employed in undercover work. (TV: Resurrection of the Daleks)

Labour force
Santa Claus used clones of himself to deliver presents on Christmas Eve. (PROSE: The Man Who (Nearly) Killed Christmas)

In the 22nd century, humans cloned Gangers from the Flesh as a workforce in industrial facilities. Some of these Gangers gained free will. Ganger technology continued in one form or another into the 52nd century. (TV: The Rebel Flesh / The Almost People)

In the far future, clones of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart became hugely popular, not just for their musical talent but also used to perform menial duties. They were abandoned or thrown away after they became unfashionable. One clone time travelled to 1791 Vienna to save Mozart's life and give him immortality, creating an alternate timeline in which Mozart lived long enough to become a hack. However, the clones were still mistreated in this timeline since enough people remembered the good music Mozart had written. The Sixth Doctor negated this timeline by persuading Mozart to refuse the clone's offer. (AUDIO: My Own Private Wolfgang)

Military use
The Sontarans were a clone race, making each Sontaran almost identical to the other. (TV: The Invasion of Time, The Sontaran Stratagem)

Clones of Gallifrey were created during the the War against the Enemy and came to be known as Nine Gallifreys. (PROSE: The Shadows of Avalon)

On Moldox, during the Last Great Time War, the Daleks were cloning Kaled mutants for their new paradigm armed with Temporal Cannons. (PROSE: Engines of War)

Other instances
Using DNA from the Fourth Doctor, a clone of the Second Doctor was produced. He believed that he was the Doctor, and even contained memories taken from the Doctor. However, he was in league with the enemies of the Doctor. The Fourth Doctor saved his life and he repaid him by helping return Hexford to its original place on Earth. Like the examples noted above, it was not believed to be able to last longer than a few months. (AUDIO: The Hexford Invasion, AUDIO: Survivors in Space)

A clone of Bernice Summerfield became President of Earth. (AUDIO: The Final Amendment)

Clones of the Three Who Rule were produced. (PROSE: Blood Harvest)

In June 2027, Ace told Henry Noone that Earth would have "new pandas" by 2040, suggesting that pandas had become extinct at some point in the early 21st century and were eventually brought back to life through the use of cloning. (AUDIO: A Death in the Family)

In 2040, efforts were made to repopulate Europe with cloned wolves. (PROSE: Culture War)

In 4880, Professor Oksana Kilbracken developed a process of cloning on Earth. (AUDIO: Revenge of the Swarm)

In 5000, a short-lived clone replica of the Fourth Doctor and one of Leela were produced by Professor Marius and shrunken down to fight the Swarm inside the Doctor's brain. When the Swarm took control of Marius, he made a clone of Lowe to pursue them. These clones had lifespans of less than eleven minutes. (TV: The Invisible Enemy)

Professor Patrick Trethui cloned Vilgreth from the remains of a Titanthrope he had discovered. (AUDIO: Last of the Titans)

Madame Karabraxos of the Bank of Karabraxos used clones of herself to staff important positions at the bank. When they failed, Karabraxos had the clones "fired", incinerating them. The Twelfth Doctor came into conflict with one of these clones, Ms Delphox, while robbing the bank. (TV: Time Heist)