Uncertainty principle

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle stated that the very act of measuring something changed its nature.

Professor Osric extrapolated from this that Heisenberg's revolutionary idea, that to observe something was also to change it, might also apply to time. He believed that using a clock to measure time, "merely by counting off the seconds, disturb[ed], change[d] time", such that time travel, or at least a view into other times, might be possible with sufficient clocks and mirrors. (AUDIO: The Time of the Daleks)

Behind the scenes
The Eighth Doctor, Osric and Learman are in fact referring to the observer effect, not the uncertainty principle as it exists in the real world. The two are frequently confused, but are not at all equivalent.

In the real world, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle instead refers to a fundamental limit to what can be known when attempting to precisely measure both position and momentum of a particle at the same time. When precision is increased in measuring one quantity, precision is lost in measuring the other.

Thus, though both theories suggest that predicting the future with complete precision should be impossible, they come to this conclusion for very different reasons. Rather than commenting on the impact of in quantum mechanics, as does the observer effect, the uncertainty principle holds that "we cannot know [even] the present state of the world in full detail".