List of references to other DWU media in live-action BBC stories

References to non-televised works in live-action BBC DWU stories can be few and far between, but over the years, writers have slipped in references to characters, places, and events which originated in media other than the parent show.

Although starting as early as the show's second season, with Terry Nation striving to maintain continuity between televised Dalek material and the Skarosian tyrants' solo appearances in printed media, this behaviour became more common with the advent of the 2005 series of the show, with writers having lived through, and even participated in the writing of, the novels, comics, and audio stories of the 80s, 90s, and early 2000s.

Season 2

 * The Dalek Invasion of Earth used the term "Dalekanium" to refer to the metal that comprises the casing of a Dalek. The term, spelled "Dalekenium", had first been used several months earlier in the comic The Humanoids in The Dalek Book. It would remain a frequently used term, both on television and in other media, through to the 21st century.

Season 4

 * David Whitaker's The Power of the Daleks was set on the planet Vulcan, which first appeared two years earlier on a star chart in the comic Invasion of the Daleks. The comic was co-written by Whitaker and fellow television writer and Dalek creator Terry Nation.
 * The Evil of the Daleks:
 * This story marks the first televised appearance of the Dalek Emperor. The Dalek Emperor also first appeared in Invasion of the Daleks. It was implied at the time that the two Emperors were the same individual, and later works would confirm this by identifying them as the Dalek Prime.
 * Although in his early appearances the Dalek Emperor operated a small and mobile casing, he had been shown to transition to a huge, static casing located in the Great Hall of the Dalek City for the sake of increased intelligence the year prior in The Secret of the Emperor, a story printed in The Dalek Outer Space Book.

Season 6

 * The War Games introduces the Time Lords, a highly advanced civilisation who were the inventors of the TARDIS. The notion that the Doctor's TARDIS had been built by a highly advanced civilisation had earlier been spoken of by the First Doctor in the Doctor Who Annual 1966 short story Peril in Mechanistria.

Season 9

 * In The Sea Devils, the Third Doctor says that Horatio Nelson was a friend of his. The Second Doctor had met Nelson in the Doctor Who Annual 1968 short story H.M.S. TARDIS.

Season 10

 * Frontier in Space featured a future Earth being ruled by a President of Earth. The title had first appeared in the DWU in a TV Century 21 short story, Battle in Space.
 * The Dalek Supreme in Planet of the Daleks shares its black and gold colour scheme with the Dalek Leader from the comic strip *Sub Zero, which predated the serial by a year.

Season 12

 * In Robot, Sarah Jane Smith berates Benton after he chases off K1, prompting him to reply: "The US Cavalry never got treated like this." Sarah previously called for the US Cavalry to fend off the Daleks during the audio segments meant for the live performance at Goodwood Motor Circuit on 18 May 1974. Robot began airing in December of that year. (In the novelisation, the line is less specific: "The US Cavalry never get treated like this.")
 * Genesis of the Daleks:
 * The Fourth Doctor's recollection of the conclusion of the Dalek invasion of Earth fails to tally with the on-screen events of The Dalek Invasion of Earth, but references accounts of the invasion given in spin-off media:
 * Instead of a mere bomb collapsing their tunnelwork, he claims that the Daleks were defeated in part by the power of Earth's magnetic core, something shown in the theatrical film Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.;
 * Instead of the mid-22nd century, the Doctor tells Davros that the invasion happened in 2000. The 1966 Target novelisation Doctor Who and the Crusaders mentioned the Dalek invasion as having happened in "the 21st century".
 * Additionally, while it conflicts with its event, the story does borrow some elements from the previous account of the creation of the Daleks given in the first The Daleks comic story, Genesis of Evil. Beyond the similarity of title, details present in both Geneses but not previously mentioned in (or even conflicting with) the account of the Daleks' origin in The Daleks include:
 * The Daleks' casings having been invented by one of the Daleks' humanoid ancestors before the actual Dalek mutants (instead of the Daleks having built them themselves after mutating).
 * The Daleks' ancestors having already been the aggressors in the war against the Thals, rather than initially innocent victims of warmongering, slave-driving Thals as suggested in the original Dalek story.
 * The Daleks' ancestor taking refuge in a bunker, and becoming one of the last survivors of the original Dalek race.
 * The Daleks vowing to conquer the rest of the universe almost immediately after being created and supplanting their makers.
 * Although interpreted by later lore as a once-normal-looking man who was disfigured in an explosion, Davros seems originally to have been intended to be a mutant himself. His appearance recalls the humanoid Daleks of Genesis of Evil, with an enlarged, wrinkled forehead. The History of the Daleks would later point to the comics' humanoids as later descendants of the Kaleds at a later stage of mutation.
 * Davros creates the Dalek mutants by "accelerating the evolution" of the Kaleds. In a different pre-1975 account of the Daleks' origin, We are the Daleks!, also written by Terry Nation, he had already presented the Dalek mutants as the result of artificially accelerated evolution, that time of transplanted humans at the hands of the Halldons.

Season 13

 * The Brain of Morbius is set on Karn, which was first a setting in the stage play Doctor Who and the Daleks in Seven Keys to Doomsday.

Season 17

 * Destiny of the Daleks:
 * This story features a Dalek lie detector, which first appeared in the comic story City of the Daleks.
 * The Doctor uses his hat to block a Dalek's eyestalk, just as he did in the comic story The Trodos Ambush.

Season 22

 * In Revelation of the Daleks, a Glass Dalek makes an appearance. A Dalek with glass casing first appeared in Doctor Who in an Exciting Adventure with the Daleks.

Season 25

 * In Remembrance of the Daleks, the casing used by Davros as Dalek Emperor has a spherical upper section, thus having a similar silhouette to the casing used by the original Dalek Emperor in the TV Century 21 Daleks comics. Indeed, at an early stage in planning of the storyline, Remembrance was planned to feature the Emperor in earnest.

30th Anniversary Special

 * Dimensions in Time features a brief cameo by Zog from the stage play The Ultimate Adventure.

Series 1

 * Rose:
 * A London double decker bus resembling Iris Wildthyme's Celestial Omnibus, the Number 22 to Putney Common, can be glimpsed in the opening scenes. (This was retroactively made to be a reference, with designs of the Celestial Omnibus later on being heavily influenced by this one bus in Rose.)
 * The concept of a time war originated in the Doctor Who Magazine comic 4-D War, where Time Lords of the Dark Times fight in the Black Sun War. The concept would later become a major part of the War in Heaven of the BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures, before eventually finding its way onto television in the form of the Last Great Time War, initially mentioned in Rose.
 * In the Virgin New Adventures novel Lungbarrow, the Time Vortex is red when travelling forward in time and blue when travelling backwards. This idea was used again from Series 1 to 4 of the new series.
 * UNIT officer Muriel Frost, who originated from the 1990 Doctor Who Magazine comic The Mark of Mandragora, appears in Aliens of London.
 * Dalek:
 * This story is Robert Shearman's adaptation of his 2003 audio drama Jubilee. This fact is referenced by the Jubilee Pizza boxes seen in the story.
 * Simmons' line "What are you going to do? Sucker me to the death?" is very similar to Abslom Daak's line "Whatcha gonna do now, big shot? Suck me to death?" from his debut comic story.
 * Kronkburgers, first eaten by soldiers of an alternate Roman Empire in the Doctor Who Magazine comic Doctor Who and the Iron Legion, were sold on Satellite Five in The Long Game, and mentioned in dialogue by the Ninth Doctor.
 * In Boom Town, Rose Tyler recalls her visit to Justicia from the BBC New Series Adventures novel The Monsters Inside.
 * Bad Wolf:
 * The Anne Droid asked Rose a question about the planet Lucifer, which first appeared in the Virgin New Adventures novel Lucifer Rising.
 * The Doctor's promise to "wipe every last stinking Dalek out of the sky" echoes Abslom Daak's promise to "kill every last stinking Dalek in the galaxy" from his first comic story.
 * In The Parting of the Ways, the Doctor claims that ancient Dalek legends refer to him as the "Oncoming Storm", a title that was first applied to him in the novels Love and War and Vampire Science. It would remain frequently used in subsequent years of televised and non-televised media alike.

Series 2



 * School Reunion:
 * K9 Mark III is shown to have fallen into an irreparable state, at least, to Sarah Jane Smith's abilities. K9's fate had previously been shown in PROSE: Moving On and AUDIO: Mirror, Signal, Manoeuvre, though the latter story shows K9 being completely disassembled.
 * K9 Mark IV makes his debut at the end of the story. His existence was first revealed by the Eighth Doctor in the novel Interference - Book Two.
 * The two-parter Rise of the Cybermen / The Age of Steel is loosely based on the audio story Spare Parts, with Marc Platt being thanked in the end credits of the story.
 * The Satan Pit mentions the existence of a Kaled God of War. The novel Father Time had previously mentioned that the Klade (implied to be the future descendants of the Daleks, themselves offspring of the Kaleds) worshipped a God of War.
 * Love & Monsters contained several adverts and posters for Millingdale ice cream. Millingdale ice cream was a fictitious brand of ice cream created for an in-universe website to coincide with the first few series of the 2005 revival of the series.
 * Army of Ghosts hinges on the existence of "the Void", being the space between universes. Although the "dimensional divide" was first referenced on television in Inferno, it was the DWM comic story Voyager which first described what lay beyond the Doctor's universe with the name of "the Void" — and, incidentally, the first story to attempt to depict it visually.
 * Doomsday includes the first televised reference to rels, a Dalek measurement of time. A Dalek unit called a "rel" was created in 1964's The Dalek Dictionary, where it measured "hydro-electricity"; it was first depicted as a unit of time in the film Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D., and had since appeared in comics and audios.

Series 3

 * In Smith and Jones, the Doctor mentions that he used to have a brother. The character of Irving Braxiatel, first introduced in the Virgin New Adventures, had previously been established as the Doctor's brother.
 * Gareth Roberts' The Shakespeare Code was partially adapted from his Ninth Doctor comic story A Groatsworth of Wit.
 * The Face of Boe's final message to the Doctor in Gridlock was reused from Davies' short story Meet the Doctor in the 2006 Doctor Who Annual.
 * Paul Cornell's two-parter Human Nature / The Family of Blood is an adaptation of his Virgin New Adventures novel Human Nature.
 * Steven Moffat's Blink is an adaptation of the short story What I Did on My Christmas Holidays by Sally Sparrow, published two years earlier.
 * The depiction of the Citadel of the Time Lords as a city encased in a huge crystalline dome originated in illustrations of Doctor Who Magazine's "Gallifreyan Guardian" feature, and was first seen in a narrative work in the comic story The Tides of Time. It was seen for the first time on television in a flashback in The Sound of Drums.
 * In The Infinite Quest, the Doctor mentions the Sabre-Toothed Gorillas as a potential threat outside the TARDIS; the Sabre-Toothed Gorillas had been introduced in the TV Comic story, aptly named The Sabre-Toothed Gorillas, as well as being mentioned in the short story A letter from the Master.

Series 4

 * The Butler Institute, originally from the Virgin New Adventures novel Cat's Cradle: Warhead, was briefly seen in The Poison Sky.
 * The Stolen Earth:
 * Although the final design of the Supreme Dalek only retains the three dome lights (in place of the typical two) as evidence of it, concept art proves that its design was influenced by the TV Century 21 Golden Emperor's, much like that of Davros's imperial casing in Remembrance of the Daleks.
 * Davros has a mechanical hand that replaced the one shot off in Revelation of the Daleks. He was first depicted this way in the audio play The Juggernauts.
 * The UNIT New York City Base appears, being a plot-relevant location. The details of the base, such as it being the primary UNIT base in New York, was something established in the short story UNIT's New York Operation Expansion, which showed Major A Highway's ambition to shift UNIT's activities into a "pivotal single site operation".
 * The American version of UNIT had also been first mentioned in PROSE: Bullet Time, and UNIT's previous amount of separate divisions were seen in PROSE: The Dying Days.
 * The Space Agency, first featured in the TV21 Dalek prose story Fireball Surrenders!, is mentioned in The Waters of Mars.
 * The End of Time:
 * Henrietta Goodheart from the novel Beautiful Chaos is mentioned as Netty, a member of the Silver Cloak.
 * Rassilon's partisans intend to survive the Ultimate Sanction by becoming "beings of consciousness alone". Alien Bodies was the first story to show this as a possibility for Time Lords, having been used by a similar purpose by the Celestis.
 * In a flashback to the creation of the Eye of Harmony in Interference - Book One, the words Rassilon pronounced just before switching on the machinery, creating conventional time, were "For our children. For the sake of Gallifrey, and for time itself". At the end of Part 1, when setting in motion his plan to bring about the end of Time, he intones "For Gallifrey. For victory. For the end of time itself".

Series 5

 * Victory of the Daleks and subsequent stories establish that the Doctor and Winston Churchill are old friends. Players in the BBC Past Doctor Adventures was actually the first story to depict the relationship in this way, and was reinforced by Churchill's cameo in The Shadow in the Glass.
 * In Flesh and Stone Doctor describes himself as a complicated space-time event. In Steven Moffat's first-ever Doctor Who story, the Seventh Doctor short story Continuity Errors, Professor Candy's research defined the Doctor as "a CSTE – a Complex Space-Time Event. In fact, I believe he is the most complex space-time event there has ever been anywhere".
 * In Vincent and the Doctor, the Eleventh Doctor refers to having met Pablo Picasso. A meeting between the Third Doctor and Picasso was mentioned in the novel The Scarlet Empress.
 * The Lodger is an adaptation of the Doctor Who Magazine comic of the same name.
 * At the opening of the Pandorica in (the aptly named) The Pandorica Opens, the Pandorica Alliance is mentioned to include Chelonians and Haemogoths. Chelonians originated in the Virgin New Adventures novel The Highest Science, while the Haemogoths had been mentioned in the BBC New Series Adventures novel The Forgotten Army, published a few months prior.
 * In The Big Bang, the Eleventh Doctor tells an Auton duplicate of Rory Williams that he, as an Auton, is vulnerable to heat and radio signals. This fact was first established in PROSE: Operation Mannequin, wherein Lt David Judd theorises that the Nestene Consciousness was weak to radio signals.

Series 6

 * Professor Arthur Candy, who first appeared in Steven Moffat's Decalog 3: Consequences short story Continuity Errors, appears again in Moffat's television story Let's Kill Hitler. Furthermore, he meets River at Luna University, which was first mentioned in that short story.
 * In Night Terrors, the Doctor mentions Snow White and the Seven Keys to Doomsday among the bedtime stories he knows. This references the stage play Doctor Who and the Daleks in Seven Keys to Doomsday, which was also later adapted into an audio story by Big Finish.

Series 7

 * The Brig's daughter Kate Stewart, who first appeared in the 1995 home video Downtime, appears as a major recurring character in the series starting with The Power of Three.

2013 specials

 * Before regenerating in The Night of the Doctor, the Eighth Doctor recalls some of his audio-original companions, including Charley, C'rizz, Lucie Miller, Tamsin Drew, and Molly O'Sullivan.
 * The Day of the Doctor prominently featured the War Council of Gallifrey, first seen in the BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures as part of the War in Heaven. It is also referred to in dialogue as "Gallifrey High Command", a phrase first used in David Martin's The Adventures of K9 books from the 1980s.

Series 8

 * In Into the Dalek, Clara Oswald is a teacher of Class 1C, which was identified as Barbara Wright's class number in the novelisation The Edge of Destruction.
 * Abslom Daak, who first appeared in the Doctor Who Magazine comic Abslom Daak... Dalek Killer, was seen in the memories of the cyborg Psi in Time Heist.
 * In Death in Heaven, Kate Stewart mentions her children. Her son Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart had appeared in Downtime.

Series 9

 * The Magician's Apprentice revealed that had survived the events of Death in Heaven, a fact which had been foreshadowed by the Doctor Who Magazine short story The Secret Diary of the Master the previous year.
 * In The Witch's Familiar, Missy mentions that the Doctor once fell into a nest of vampire monkeys. Vampire monkeys were featured in the comic story Tooth and Claw.
 * In The Girl Who Died the Doctor mentions the Velosians, who had first been mentioned in the audio Starlight Robbery two years earlier. They went on to debut in Tales of the Dark Times in 2020.
 * In The Zygon Invasion, the Twelfth Doctor tells Petronella Osgood that he wears question mark underpants. The Eighth Doctor was the first Doctor to be shown to wear such undergarments in the comic The Glorious Dead and the novel Seeing I.
 * The Husbands of River Song:
 * River Song uses a sonic trowel. A sonic trowel previously appeared in the 2005 novel The Tree of Life, in the possession of Bernice Summerfield.
 * While still pretending to be a simple surgeon, the Twelfth Doctor mentions that the real Doctor might be batting "giant robot fish from the Ninth Dimension". The Second Doctor sent the Arcturians to the Ninth Dimension in the 1967 short story Only a Matter of Time, from Doctor Who Annual 1968.

Series 10

 * The colony planet in Smile, though not named in dialogue, was identified in advertising and reference material around the time of the episode's release as Gliese 581d, a link eventually confirmed in a narrative work in the 2018 Doctor Who Annual. This planet had first been mentioned as a future human colony ten years earlier in All Snug in Their Beds, a Fourth Doctor short story printed in Short Trips: The Ghosts of Christmas.
 * In Thin Ice, the Twelfth Doctor says he has been to the Frost fair a few times before. The First Doctor visited the fair in the audio story Frostfire and the Tenth Doctor did so in the short story The Frozen.
 * In World Enough and Time, Nardole asks the Doctor how he manages to use Venusian aikido, given that the martial art required five arms. While Venusian aikido was first used in the TV story Inferno, it was the 1994 Virgin Missing Adventures novel Venusian Lullaby which first featured five-armed Venusians, with the Virgin New Adventures novel First Frontier making the connection between the art and the five-armed species a month before.
 * When recalling the planets on which the Cybermen have originated in The Doctor Falls, the Twelfth Doctor mentions Marinus, which had been revealed as a Cyberman origin planet in the Doctor Who Magazine comic The World Shapers. However, it also conflicts with that comic in that it mentions Marinus, Mondas, and Planet 14 as separate planets.

Series 11

 * In Resolution, the reconnaissance scout variant of Dalek was introduced. A similar concept — a hitherto unseen type of Dalek specialised to "spy out the land for an imminent full-scale invasion", which also arrived on Earth — was seen in the 1966 short story Have Daleks Invaded Scotland?. Dalek reconnaissance missions were also cited in the Dalek Survival Guide.

Series 12

 * In Spyfall: Part Two, it is mentioned that Graham O'Brien hailed from Essex. This hometown was first mentioned in Graham's character profile on the official Doctor Who website and hinted at in PROSE: The Good Doctor (though the former is non-narrative, meaning it is not treated as a valid source on this wiki).
 * In Fugitive of the Judoon, Ruth Clayton calls the leader of the Judoon "Daddy Rhinoform". The Sixth Doctor referred to the Judoon as "rhinoform bipeds" in the audio drama Judoon in Chains.
 * In Praxeus, the Doctor mentions a "talking cat in Ontario". Talking cats, Gallifreyan in origin, were first mentioned in The Legacy of Gallifrey. The BBC America website corroborated the connection.
 * The Timeless Children:
 * The actor for Rassilon was cast to resemble Don Warrington, who played Rassilon in the audio story Zagreus.
 * Dialogue in the same scene suggests that the founders of Gallifrey knowingly restricted Time Lord regeneration to a maximum of twelve renewals, an idea first made explicit in Zagreus, albeit now attributed to Tecteun.
 * Revolution of the Daleks marked the televised introduction of a Dalek death squad, which first appeared in the Dalek Survival Guide.

Series 13

 * Once, Upon Time:
 * This story features the Siege of Atropos in which the Time Lords capture the Ravagers and allow the Mouri to control Time. This event is part of the anchoring of the thread that was first established in the novels Christmas on a Rational Planet and The Book of the War.
 * A Weeping Angel emerges from Yasmin Khan's phone. The Angels had previously attempted to escape via mobile phone in the game The Lonely Assassins.
 * In The Vanquishers, the Doctor encounters the embodiment of Time. The Virgin New Adventures had established that Time was a sentient being, specifically an Eternal. However, the episode conflicts with the novels since the Doctor says she had always wondered what Time looks like even though the Seventh Doctor had met Time in Lungbarrow.
 * In Eve of the Daleks, the Doctor remarks that she has not seen so much gunpowder since 1605. She and Yasmin Khan had witnessed Guy Fawkes' attempted destruction of Parliament in the short story Black Powder. The First Doctor also became involved with these events in the novel The Plotters, as had the Eleventh Doctor in the video game The Gunpowder Plot. However, since all three stories conflcit with one another, the episode is most likely referencing Black Powder.
 * The Power of the Doctor:
 * This story refers to Ace parting ways with the Doctor due to a falling out between them. While no details are given in the episode, a falling out did occur in the novel Love and War.
 * The story also reveals that aspects of the Doctor's previous incarnations continue to exist in their mind after regeneration, something that had previously been explored in the novel Timewyrm: Revelation and audio drama Zagreus. The concept is also prominent with the Big Finish character known as "the Eleven" (and other incarnations of the Time Lord) whose previous incarnations are retained following regeneration and frequently manifest and influence the actions of their successors.
 * The story also features a Type 75 TARDIS, which first appeared in the short story Going Once, Going Twice.
 * Additionally, the story also features the Holo-Doctor, who debuted in the Seventh Doctor novel Infinite Requiem.
 * Although not named as such, the story features the first televised retro-regeneration. The Doctor and other Time Lords had been subject to this concept numerous times in other media. Examples include the novels State of Change and Sky Pirates!, the comic The Fountains of Forever and the audio The Lost Magic.

Torchwood

 * After Freema Agyeman was cast in, which featured a character called , Torchwood script editor Gary Russell mentioned in a tweet that the alias used by Agyeman's character, Martha Jones, in the television story Reset, was a deliberate reference to the Eighth Doctor's companion Sam Jones.
 * John Frobisher from Children of Earth was named after Frobisher, a Sixth Doctor companion in the Doctor Who Magazine comics. (REF: DWMSE 39)

The Sarah Jane Adventures

 * In Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane, Sarah Jane mentions that there was "Graske activity on Earth a few years ago", referencing the video game Attack of the Graske.
 * The Lost Boy:
 * The UNIT file on Sarah Jane Smith is comprised of text copied exactly from PROSE: UNIT History: Fighting the unknown from the U.N.I.T. website - this also, in turn, references the UNIT dating controversy, as it is referenced in the text of the story.
 * The story also features the appearance of an unnamed "Chief Inspector". In Gary Russell's novelisation, this inspector's name was given as Robert Lines, a policeman who had appeared several times in author Russell's novels and short stories.
 * The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith:
 * Clyde Langer mentions that Sarah Jane's aunt had died before he met her. Lavinia Smith's death had been mentioned in PROSE: Millennium Shock and AUDIO: Comeback, although the two accounts give contradictory dates.
 * The Trickster creates a time trap, trapping characters inside a single looped second of time. A time trap previously appeared in the The Adventures of K9 novel K9 and the Time Trap, described in much the same way; there, Omega's anti-matter universe was described as such a trap.
 * The Raxacoricofallapatorian villains of the story The Gift, the Blathereen, first appeared in the BBC New Series Adventures novel The Monsters Inside''.
 * In Death of the Doctor, it is mentioned that Liz Shaw is working for UNIT on the Moon, which was established in the novel Eternity Weeps. However, it also conflicts with her death in the same story.

Class

 * The Coal Hill School Roll of Honours Board includes the names A. Okehurst, J. Gibson, and D. Hatcher, who all perished in the events of the Telos Doctor Who novella Time and Relative.

Mini-sodes

 * In Ian Chesterton: An Introduction, the home video reconstruction of The Crusade, Ian Chesterton recalls two untelevised adventures. The first involves the talking stones of Tyron, mentioned in the parent story's novelisation, Doctor Who and the Crusaders, and the second is his witnessing of the Salem witch trials, depicted in the BBC Past Doctor Adventures novel The Witch Hunters.
 * In Liberty Hall, Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart mentions being with the Doctor in Malebolgia in 2003, which are references to the audio story Minuet in Hell. He also mentions Gordon and Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, who are his family members in the independently produced Downtime.
 * In The Eternal Mystery, references are made to the death of Yrcanos and Peri Brown resuming her travels with the Sixth Doctor, both of which occurred in the audio story The Widow's Assassin. However, there is a contradiction as Rex says the Queen vanished "just after" the King's death, ignoring the five-year gap between the two events from the audio.
 * In Meet Doom - the Universe's Greatest Assassin!, Doom reveals that she works for the Lesser Order of Oberon from the Time Lord Victorious series.