Robot (TV story)

Robot was the first story of Season 12 of Doctor Who. It had notable firsts and lasts.

In terms of first; Robot was Tom Baker's debuted episode Fourth Doctor, which followed on directly from the end of Planet of the Spiders. It was also the first story to feature new companion Harry Sullivan, played by Ian Marter, the first story for which Robert Holmes was script editor.

In terms of last; this was the final story produced by Barry Letts. It was the last story in which Nicholas Courtney had a regular role as the Brigadier (the character wouldn't appear again until the following season). Likewise, John Levene's newly promoted Warrant Officer Benton makes his final appearance as a regular character.

Synopsis
Mortally weakened by the Spider Queen on Metebelis 3, the Doctor is forced to regenerate. His recuperation is cut short as UNIT investigates a spate of robberies involving components for a top-secret disintegrator gun. The culprit is quickly identified as a highly sophisticated robot built by Professor Kettlewell, which is being ordered to act against its Prime Directive.

Just how is the robot being used to carry out the sinister agenda of the Scientific Reform Society? And can the Doctor rescue Sarah from the robot's clutches and avert a nuclear war?

Part one
Sarah Jane Smith and the Brigadier watch as the Third Doctor's features fade into that of the Fourth Doctor. The newly regenerated Doctor is delirious, waking up to spout random lines from past adventures before falling unconscious again. The Brigadier summons the base medical officer, Lieutenant Harry Sullivan, to take the Doctor to sickbay and care for him.

Meanwhile, something large and mechanical enters a Ministry of Defence advanced research centre, killing a guard and breaking easily through a gate to steal documents from a vault. In the Doctor's laboratory, the Brigadier confides to Sarah that the plans are for a disintegrator gun. Sarah asks the Brigadier to arrange for a visitor's pass to the National Institute for Advanced Scientific Research, or "Think Tank", which admits journalists only rarely. The Brigadier is glad to help, and the two leave for his office, just as the Doctor sneaks into the laboratory. Finding the TARDIS locked, the Doctor discovers the key in one of his boots. Before he can enter his ship, he is interrupted by Harry, who tries to persuade him to return to sickbay.

When Sarah and the Brigadier return to the lab, they find Harry shut up in a locker and hear the wheezing sound of the TARDIS starting to take off. Sarah bangs frantically on the police box, causing the Doctor to pop his head out. Sarah tries to coax the still unstable Doctor out of the TARDIS by saying that they need his help to find a stolen secret weapon. She almost fails, until the Doctor recognises the Brigadier and her.

In the meantime, the Doctor has entered the TARDIS to find a new wardrobe and comes out in a Viking outfit, much to the Brigadier's annoyance. The Doctor tries again, but comes out wearing a royal outfit, which he immediately goes back in to change. His third attempt has him looking kookier than before, but the Brigadier decides that this look is better than nothing.

The mechanical creature breaks into another facility, this time stealing components from a vault. The Brigadier brings the Doctor to investigate the break-in, but the Doctor seems more interested in a pulverised dandelion on the grounds. He points out that the force needed to do that would have to be about a quarter ton. He also deduces from the stolen items that whoever is doing this is stealing the components of a disintegrator gun. The last component is a focusing generator. The Brigadier orders the factory where it is housed to be guarded.

Sarah goes to visit Think Tank. She is shown around the grounds by the director, Hilda Winters, and her assistant, Arnold Jellicoe. Think Tank is a pure research facility — once research reaches a certain stage, it is handed off to another organisation with more resources, like the government. The initial work on the disintegrator gun was done by Think Tank. Sarah notices a door marked "No Admittance" and pushes her way through into the former robotics section run by Professor J.P. Kettlewell. She remembers that Kettlewell left Think Tank after he turned against conventional science, and now works on alternative energy facilities. Sarah nearly slips on a wet patch as she looks around. Jellicoe insists, however, that there is nothing in the section, and he and Winters escort Sarah out.

At Emmett's Electronics, UNIT sets up barriers, but the Doctor observes that they have covered all directions... except down. Sure enough, the mechanical thing tunnels upward into the vault where the generator is kept. By the time the others arrive, all that is left is a dead guard and a hole in the floor. At the other end of the tunnel in the woods, Sergeant Benton discovers a giant, rectangular and very deep footprint.

Sarah goes to see Kettlewell, who brusquely tells her that Think Tank cannot be carrying on his robotics research because no one else has the ability to do so. Still suspicious, she drives back to Think Tank and sneaks back into the robotics section, discovering that the wet patch was actually oil. At that moment, a set of doors opens, and a giant, gleaming robot lumbers towards her menacingly, demanding to know who she is and what she is doing here.

Part two
Sarah, panicked, runs to where she came in and meets Winters. The director explains that since Sarah was so insistent on seeing what was in there, they activated the robot as a joke. In response to Sarah's questions, the robot identifies itself as Experimental Prototype Robot K1. Its purpose is to replace human beings in carrying out hazardous activities like mining or handling radioactive materials. Sarah asks if the robot can be dangerous, and Winters demonstrates by ordering K1 to kill her. K1 is unable to do so, and the conflicting impulses cause it distress. Jellicoe explains that K1's prime directive is to serve and not harm humanity. Sarah observes that that was a cruel demonstration, and apologises to K1 for its distress, despite Winters claiming that the robot has no feelings. After she leaves, Jellicoe tells Winters that the demonstration was dangerous. K1's programming had just been reset.

Jellicoe and Winters adjust K1 again before sending it out. They show K1 a picture of Cabinet Minister Joseph Chambers, telling it that Chambers is an enemy of humanity. Meanwhile, Sarah reports what she has seen to UNIT. The Brigadier cannot act without more evidence. They decide to send Harry to Think Tank, undercover, to gather information. The others go to see Kettlewell, who is hostile at first but warms up when the Doctor shows interest in his work. Kettlewell tells them that he reluctantly ordered K1 dismantled because its capacity to learn and its power began to frighten him. He scoffs at the idea that Winters or Jellicoe would have the ability to alter the robot's programming, but concedes that if they had, it would drive the robot mad.

K1 enters Chambers' home, kills him and disintegrates the door of his safe to steal a set of documents. At UNIT, the Brigadier has discovered that many Think Tank scientists, including Winters and Jellicoe, belong to the Scientific Reform Society, a fringe group advocating a society ruled by a scientific elite. K1 arrives at Kettlewell's lab in a confused state, knowing it has gone against its programming. It asks its creator for help. When the Doctor and the Brigadier go to Think Tank, Winters tells them that K1 has been dismantled, but Winters is aware the Doctor knows she is lying. Meanwhile, Harry arrives at Think Tank disguised as a medical inspector.

In his lab, the Doctor receives a call from Kettlewell, who tells him of K1's presence. The Doctor agrees to go over, but leaves a note tacked up on the TARDIS in case it is a trap. Indeed, after Kettlewell hangs up, Winters and Jellicoe enter the professor's lab. When the Doctor arrives, he finds the place empty except for K1, who has been ordered to kill the Doctor as an enemy of humanity. Although the Doctor tries to get away, it manages to knock him out. K1 raises its arm to deliver the coup de grace.

Part three
Before K1 can land the killing blow, Sarah (having read the note) arrives. K1 recognises her as the person who showed concern for its well-being, and when Sarah tells it that Think Tank are deceiving it, K1 flails about in confusion and distress. At that moment, Benton and a squad of UNIT soldiers arrive, but it easily shrugs off their gunfire and escapes. They find Kettlewell tied up inside a cupboard and take him back to UNIT headquarters. There, he confirms that Jellicoe and Winters altered the robot's programming and made it unstable. He explains that K1 is made of a living metal he invented, one that can grow like a living organism. That also led him to another discovery, a virus that could biodegrade metal into a recyclable form.

When Sarah discovers that Kettlewell is still a member of the Scientific Reform Society, she persuades him to attend that evening's meeting and let her in secretly. When Benton protests, she points out that neither she nor Kettlewell are under UNIT's jurisdiction and the two leave. When the Doctor wakes up, he has realised that Chambers must have had access to some kind of ultimate threat. The Brigadier explains that some months before, to ensure peace, the governments of Russia, China and America decided to give the locations and launch codes of their nuclear weapons to a neutral country Britain for safekeeping, with the intention that Britain could publish these codes if war was imminent and allow things to cool down. Chambers was holding on to these Destructor Codes, and if Think Tank has them, they could hold the world to ransom. When Benton tells them that Sarah has gone off with Kettlewell, the Doctor is alarmed.

At the SRS meeting, Kettlewell opens a side door to let Sarah in. She hides in the meeting room as Winters addresses the membership, ranting that soon they will rule as is their right. To Sarah's shock, she credits this to one man: Kettlewell, who joins them on stage, as does K1. The robot senses Sarah's presence and homes in on her, just as the Doctor arrives to provide a distraction. He knew Kettlewell was the only one capable of altering K1's programming; the attack on him was a ruse to gain UNIT's confidence. Kettlewell explains that for years he had tried to persuade people to stop destroying the environment. Now with Think Tank, he can make them stop instead. The Doctor points out that in science, as in morality, the ends never justify the means, and Kettlewell gets an inkling of Winters' ruthlessness when she orders the Doctor and Sarah killed.

UNIT arrives at that moment, but using K1 as cover and Sarah as a hostage, Winters, Jellicoe and Kettlewell make their escape. Harry contacts the Brigadier from Think Tank, reporting that the scientists are evacuating to a bunker, but is knocked unconscious and taken captive before he can relate any more. UNIT troops proceed to Think Tank's atomic shelter, but are held off by its automated defences. Winters contacts the Brigadier: they have already given the governments of the world their demands. Unless these are agreed to, in full, in thirty minutes, she will use the Destructor Codes.

Benton and his men knock out the bunker's machine gun nests while the Doctor uses his sonic screwdriver to detonate the mines surrounding the entrance. Winters sends K1 out, armed with the disintegrator gun, which he proceeds to use on a soldier, and then a UNIT tank. It warns that it will destroy them all.

Part four
In the bunker, Winters has Kettlewell make the international computer linkups so they can use the Destructor Codes. Kettlewell still believes Winters is bluffing, but she disabuses him of the notion, telling him that if the world governments do not give in, she will fire the missiles. The countdown begins.

Kettlewell has a change of heart and tries to stop the countdown, but Jellicoe pulls a gun on him. Harry and Sarah have escaped their bonds and Harry knocks Jellicoe to the ground. Kettlewell holds the countdown while the other two open the doors. As they exit the bunker, K1 swings the disintegrator gun on them. Sarah tries to convince K1 that Think Tank are evil. K1 struggles with the dilemma and fires the gun, disintegrating Kettlewell. With a wail, the robot cries out that it has killed its creator, and collapses. With K1 apparently disabled, the Doctor and the UNIT troops make their way into the bunker.

Winters has resumed the countdown, and although she moves away from the console when ordered, she is confident that no one can stop the countdown in time. However, she has not reckoned on the Doctor, who reprograms the computer and cancels the order. In the mop-up, nobody notices that K1 has revived, and has taken Sarah with it into the bunker. The Doctor realises that K1 is in a state of emotional shock after killing its "father" and has developed an Oedipus complex. K1 intends to carry out Kettlewell's last orders and ensure the destruction of humanity, although the robot assures Sarah that she alone will be saved.

Benton tells the Doctor of Kettlewell's description of the robot's living metal and the accompanying virus he developed. The Doctor is delighted and tells the Brigadier to find the robot while he and Harry go to Kettlewell's lab to cook up a batch of the virus. K1 locks the bunker and restarts the countdown. This time, the world governments' fail-safe procedures are activated in time, and the missiles remain unfired.

As K1 exits the bunker, the Brigadier fires at it with the disintegrator gun. Instead of being destroyed, the robot grows to gigantic size. It picks up Sarah like a doll and heads towards the nearby village. It places Sarah on a rooftop as a pitched battle takes place between K1 and UNIT troops while the Doctor races back with the virus. Driving by K1's feet in his roadster, Bessie, the Doctor throws the batch of virus at it. The virus instantly spreads over the robot, throwing its growth into reverse. It shrinks down to doll size, and then dissolves completely.

Back at the Doctor's laboratory, Sarah is saddened at K1's demise. She realises that the Doctor had to do what he did, but it had seemed so human. The Doctor observes that it was capable of great good as well as great evil, so one could say that it was human. He suggests a trip in the TARDIS to cheer Sarah up. She agrees, but wonders why the Doctor wants to do so right now as he has been invited to dinner at Buckingham Palace. Unlike his predecessor, the Doctor finds much of his work at UNIT to be boring and he simply doesn't wish to do so much work. Harry enters, asking where they are going. When the Doctor tells him, Harry considers the idea that a police box can go anywhere absurd. The Doctor invites Harry to step inside to, just to prove it is no illusion. Harry steps into the TARDIS, and is heard to exclaim in surprise. The Doctor and Sarah follow, grinning.The TARDIS dematerialises just as the Brigadier comes in. Seeing the empty corner of the lab, the Brigadier muses to himself that he will have to tell Buckingham Palace that the Doctor will be a little late for dinner.

Cast

 * The Doctor - Tom Baker
 * The Doctor - Jon Pertwee (recap cameo)
 * Sarah Jane Smith - Elisabeth Sladen
 * Harry Sullivan - Ian Marter
 * Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart - Nicholas Courtney
 * Warrant Officer Benton - John Levene
 * Hilda Winters - Patricia Maynard
 * K1 Robot - Michael Kilgarriff
 * Professor Kettlewell - Edward Burnham
 * Arnold Jellicoe - Alec Linstead
 * Short - Timothy Craven

Production Crew

 * Assistant Floor Manager - David Tilley
 * Costumes - James Acheson
 * Designer - Ian Rawnsley
 * Incidental Music - Dudley Simpson
 * Make-Up - Judy Clay
 * Production Assistant - Peter Grimwade
 * Production Unit Manager - George Gallaccio
 * Script Editor - Robert Holmes
 * Special Sounds - Dick Mills
 * Studio Lighting - Nigel Wright
 * Studio Sound - John Holmes, Trevor Webster
 * Theme Arrangement - Delia Derbyshire
 * Title Music - Ron Grainer
 * Visual Effects - Clifford Culley
 * Writer - Terrance Dicks
 * Producer - Barry Letts
 * Director - Christopher Barry

Organisations

 * The Scientific Reform Society believes that the world should be ruled on purely scientific principles.
 * Sarah asks the Brigadier to organise a visitor's pass to the Think Tank's Scientific Research Base for the Frontiers of Science group.

Cultural references

 * Sarah makes a mocking comparison between Harry and James Bond, when he "volunteers" to do a bit of espionage.
 * At one point the Doctor mentions the Titanic and its supposed invincibility.
 * The Doctor attempts a card trick.

Weapons

 * The United Kingdom holds the Destructor Codes.
 * Emmett Electronics in Essex is a firm that builds the focusing generator for the disintegrator gun.
 * The Ministry of Weaponry Research Centre is robbed by the K1 robot.

Story notes

 * This was the first Doctor Who serial to have location as well as studio material shot on videotape, as opposed to the more usual BBC television drama practice of the time of shooting studio interiors on videotape and location exteriors on film. This was due to the large number of video effects involving the eponymous robot required in exterior scenes, which were easier and more convincing to marry to videotape than to film. The next serial to be produced completely on videotape was The Sontaran Experiment later that season. Beginning with The Trial of a Time Lord in 1986, videotaping exteriors became standard practice for the remainder of the 1963-89 series' run. The revived (2005-) series shoots most scenes on videotape, which is later processed to look like film (though some deleted scenes and other footage included on DVD releases are presented in their original videotape format).
 * As a consequence of the above point, this was the first colour serial to be recorded entirely on videotape. (REF: The Fourth Doctor Handbook)
 * The seeming disappearance of the robot's legs when it grows was due largely to a change in the way in which color separation overlay was achieved. Generally, Barry Letts had ordered blue as the background to all CSO shots during the Pertwee era. However, as with the previous story, Planet of the Spiders, yellow was used. While this switch had produced generally desirable results for the shots of the Whomobile in flight in Spiders, it didn't work so well in this story, due to the fact that the reflection of the studio lights on the silver of the robot's body registered as yellow to the camera. When the growing robot was keyed into the shot with Sarah, the CSO process removed all yellow from the shot, which took away not just the yellow background, but also those parts of the robot's body which the camera saw as yellow.
 * Benton is promoted to Warrant Officer. This is not reflected in the closing credits, which continue to give his rank as Sergeant.
 * This story features the debut of another new opening and closing title sequence, again designed by Bernard Lodge and realised using the 'slit scan' process, but in this instance featuring Tom Baker rather than Jon Pertwee and, for the first time, the TARDIS's police box exterior.
 * Terrance Dicks later said that two major influences for this story were King Kong and Isaac Asimov's I, Robot. Indeed, the scenes in which Sarah Jane is carried by the Robot greatly resemble scenes from King Kong.
 * This is the first story which makes note of the Brigadier's full name: Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart. Prior to this story, his middle name had never been revealed.
 * Parts of this story were recorded at the same time as parts of Planet of the Spiders. This not only meant that Jon Pertwee and Tom Baker were literally playing the Doctor at the same time, but also that Elizabeth Sladen and, to a lesser extent, Nicholas Courtney and John Levene were rushing back and forth between the two productions.
 * The TARDIS interior in not seen throughout this serial, nor indeed at any point until Planet of Evil, the first post-Harry Sullivan story.
 * Director Christopher Barry considered Colin Baker for the role of Arnold Jellicoe. (REF: The Fourth Doctor Handbook)
 * The novelisation Doctor Who and the Face of Evil suggests that the Doctor's first visit to the planet of the Sevateem takes place early during this story, when Sarah witnesses the newly regenerated and still delirious Doctor starting to leave in the TARDIS.

Ratings

 * Part 1 - 10.8 million viewers
 * Part 2 - 10.7 million viewers
 * Part 3 - 10.1 million viewers
 * Part 4 - 9.0 million viewers

Filming locations

 * Wood Norton Estate, Evesham, Hereford (BBC Wood Norton)
 * BBC Television Centre (TC3 & TC7), Shepherd's Bush, London

Production errors

 * The Robot's legs keep vanishing.
 * The Doctor chops a brick in half, but it's clearly a block of balsa wood. Listen for the noise when it hits the ground.
 * The height of the robot is inconsistent after it grows to a huge size.
 * Benton mentions he has been promoted to Warrant Officer, but is still credited as "Sergeant Benton".
 * When the robot picks Sarah up off the ground the chroma keyed blanket she is wrapped in can be seen from the creases. When it places her on the rooftop and she grabs chroma keyed object mapped to the Chimney it wobbles.
 * After the giant robot has placed Sarah on the chroma key rooftop, some UNIT soldiers attack it with missiles and grenades. In the quick special effects shot that follows, the smoke from these explosions rises in front of the backdrop of the houses but behind the figure of Sarah (who is supposed to be clinging to the houses), making the composite nature of the image painfully obvious.
 * When the Doctor jumps out of the UNIT land rover his hat comes off. Tom Baker tries to make a grab for it but doesn't manage to so he keeps running without it.

Continuity

 * In his confusion immediately after his regeneration, the Doctor briefly refers to his encounter with Alexander the Great. (BFA: Farewell, Great Macedon)
 * In post regenerative confusion, the Doctor refers to The Time Warrior ('Sontarans perverting the course of human history'), Invasion of the Dinosaurs ('I tell you, Brigadier, the Brontosaurus is large and placid. And stupid!').
 * The Doctor uses his sonic screwdriver to detonate a minefield, much as he did in DW: The Sea Devils.
 * As the Doctor empties his pockets at the SRS meeting, he produces a document from Skaro and references that Alpha Centauri table tennis players have six arms, which is consistent with the appearance of their representative in DW:The Curse of Peladon and DW:The Monster of Peladon.
 * The Doctor had previously hidden a TARDIS key inside his shoe in DW: Spearhead from Space.

Timeline

 * This story occurs after DW: Planet of the Spiders.
 * TVC: Death Flower takes place during episode 2 of this story.
 * This story occurs before DW: The Ark in Space.

DVD releases
This story was released as Doctor Who: Robot.

Released:
 * Region 2 4 June 2007
 * PAL - BBC DVD BBCDVD2332


 * Region 4 4 July 2007
 * Region 1 14 August 2007

Notes:
 * Editing for the DVD release was completed by the Doctor Who Restoration Team.

Contents:
 * Commentary by Tom Baker, Elisabeth Sladen, Terrance Dicks and Barry Letts.
 * Are Friends Electric? - A new documentary examining Tom Baker's introduction as the Doctor and the making of his first story. Featuring Tom Baker, Elisabeth Sladen, Alec Linstead, Patricia Maynard, Michael Kilgarriff, Edward Burnham, Barry Letts, Philip Hinchcliffe, Terrance Dicks, Christopher Barry and George Gallaccio.
 * The Tunnel Effect - Graphic designer Bernard Lodge explains how he created the complex opening titles for Tom Baker's stories.
 * Blue Peter - Due to a 1974 strike, the Blue Peter team present the programme from the set of Robot.
 * Radio Times Listings (DVD-ROM PC/Mac)
 * Photo Gallery
 * Production Subtitles
 * Easter Egg - Original BBC1 introduction to Robot, portions of the original opening theme and credit sequences, and teaser for The Ark in Space. To access this hidden feature, press left at Special Features on the main menu.

Video releases
This story was released as Doctor Who: Robot.

Released:
 * UK January 1992
 * US May 1994
 * Australia July 1992