Doctor Who and the Silurians (TV story)

Doctor Who and the Silurians was the second story in season seven of Doctor Who. It introduced several important recurring elements to the programme, including Bessie, the Silurians and, behind the scenes, colour videotape recording and colour separation overlay. The story is technically "missing" because those videotape masters were wiped. However, it is still viewable today because it was recorded to several different other formats.

Casting was notable for the first appearance of recurring Doctor Who guest actors Paul Darrow and Geoffrey Palmer, as well as noted actor Fulton Mackay's lone turn on the programme. Silurians also had an unusual number of crew cameos, with Terrance Dicks, Barry Letts and, most prominently, Trevor Ray showing up at the Marylebone station scene.

Due to a miscommunication with the graphics department who created the credits sequences, it was the only Doctor Who television story to have "Doctor Who" in the title. As such, it is often referred to simply as The Silurians, its originally intended broadcast title.

Synopsis
At Wenley Moor nuclear research facility, they're experiencing technical difficulties. The source is something old, the former rulers of the Earth, and they have awoken.

Episode 1
Two potholers, Spencer and Davis, make their way down a metal rope ladder into a cave with a remarkable amount of stalactites. Spencer is delighted at the sight of its majesty, but a loud roar spooks both of the men and incites them to find out where it came from. Spencer tries to take the lead, but Davis tells him to wait and remains in front. As Davis continues down a tunnel, another roar bellows from the distance. When rounds a corner, he is met with the hostile face of a reptilian creature. Davis shouts at the top of his lungs for Spencer, but is mauled to death. Spencer dashes over to find Davis's body. He sees the creatures and runs away screaming.

In a UNIT garage, the Doctor is merrily working to restore a bright yellow vintage car, which he had been given at his request, humming the first lines of Jabberwocky. A license plate emblazoned "WHO 1" lays in front of him as he sits beneath the car's undercarriage fixing its parts. Liz enters the room and calls for him. The Doctor doesn't hear her, and continues to tinker away at his vehicle, which he has affectionately nicknamed "Bessie", telling it to cooperate when it becomes a hassle to repair its chassis. Liz approaches the Doctor directly and gets him to emerge from underneath Bessie. She is sceptical to think he can get it running, but the Doctor is quick to defend his car, stating it has great character and he was very lucky to get it. The Doctor plans to take it for a test drive, though he seems to have left out a metal hoop, which he looks at with confusion. Unable to recognise the part, he tosses it aside. Liz informs the Doctor the Brigadier has an urgent message for the two of them while he's away investigating scientists. They are to go to Wenley Moor forthwith to attend a meeting. Seeing it as beneath him to comply, the Doctor claims he's too busy, and goes back to work on Bessie. However, Liz tries to make it sound like less of an order by noting that Wenley Moor is famous for its caves. Eager to give Bessie a trial run, he submits. The Doctor kisses his hand and plants it on Bessie's radiator. Her engine starts and the car rumbles to life.

The Doctor and Liz ride off in Bessie to Wenley Moor to attend the scientific meeting with the Brigadier. Lawrence, the director, is speaking about the issues regarding their facilities. He resents UNIT's presence and feels it will interfere with the working of the plant. One of UNIT's soldiers notifies Lethbridge-Stewart that the Doctor and Liz Shaw have arrived and he leaves to meet them. The Doctor isn't pleased to be called in for a simple meeting, but follows the Brig and Liz back to the conference room with the hope it was important.

Shortly after the trio enters to the conference room, Lawrence concludes the meeting. Brigadier introduces his colleagues to the director, Quinn his number two, and Major Baker station security officer. The group tells the trio they are at an experimental nuclear power for research centre for a cyclotron; a proton accelerator. They are trying a new process to convert nuclear energy directly into electric power, built into a network of caves in Wenley Moor. It is experiencing mysterious power drains and a high incidence of mental breakdowns, absenteeism, and accidents. This has stagnated their research program and Lawrence refuses to let it continue. UNIT have been called in to investigate. Brigadier orders Baker to triple security, puts Liz in charge of the issues with personnel, and the Doctor is given charge of the scientific troubles. The Brigadier establishes the conference room as his working HQ so Lawrence will not complain that UNIT is interfering with the operation of the centre. After all but Baker and the Brigadier have left the room, Baker confides to him that he believes there is a saboteur.

Quinn shows the Doctor and Liz the heart of the cyclotron. The Doctor is bemused to learn it is still being tested while power failures are happening. If one occurred at a critical time, when the machine was in use, it could incite a massive atomic explosion equal to a nuclear bomb. Quinn replies it is up to the director to shut down the cyclotron, whom the Doctor knows is being too stubborn to halt the research. Suddenly, Liz becomes dizzy and grips her forehead. The Doctor sees Liz in pain and voices concern. She says she is okay, then departs with research Roberts to see Doctor Meredith in the medical wing and examine her reports of personnel.

Quinn assumes his duties at a booth while the Doctor commends the scientists for constructing an underground accelerator. Quinn expresses his like of potholing to the Doctor because the caves intrigue him, but he isn't so keen on the subject. Recently, one of the workers at the centre was killed while exploring the caves with a companion on their day off. They've brought in Doctor Meredith from a local hospital to treat the survivor, who is still in sick bay. Quinn feels the status of his condition and what happened to him are being covered up. The Doctor grows suspicious. He asks if the power losses follow a pattern. When Quinn says the scientists think of them as random, the Doctor requests to look at the reports. Quinn hands over the log showing the power losses, then answers a phone call. The Doctor notices the log is incomplete, as though some of the data has been deliberately excised. Quinn summons Miss Dawson and asks who was responsible for maintaining the log. She states it was Spencer, the same man who has been kept in sick bay, leaving no one to update it. Despite this explanation, the Doctor finds it more complicated than the log falling out of date- he's discovered some pages have been torn out entirely. Quinn and Meredith exchange troubled looks.

In the medical wing, Liz speaks to Doctor Meredith about the recent outbreak of mentally-affected patients, soon joined by the Doctor. He wishes to see Spencer, but Meredith won't allow it; Spencer is due to be moved to the local hospital and the Doctor has no authority to warrant a visit. The Doctor briskly asserts his power as an associate of UNIT. Meredith concedes, but warns him the visit is at his own risk.

The group enters the sick bay to find Spencer scribbling with a marker on the walls. A member of the medical staff is supervising him, who walks out to allow Doctor Meredith to take over. Spencer has emerged from a coma and has previously tried to throttle Meredith. He's left Spencer to mark up the room's walls, since it's all that keeps him quiet. The Doctor approaches him to see if he can communicate, with Liz warning him to be careful. He tries to speak to Spencer, but the man jumps and panics, immediately wresting his hands around the Doctor's throat and forcing him down onto a cot. Liz and Meredith rush to subdue him, but the Doctor pries Spencer's hands loose and quells his violent reaction. Spencer resumes his scribbling while the Doctor nurses his neck. He remarks that a great fear has caused his mind to regress millions of years back. His companion's mind has been so traumatised that he can only scrawl primitive cave drawings of reptilian creatures on the wall of his ward room.

Off in a corner of the cyclotron testing room, Dr Quinn, the deputy director, argues with Miss Dawson, his assistant, when she protests that they should stop "them" from taking the power. Dawson pleads with Quinn to order the personnel to stop the testing, but he's already tried and they have refused to listen, and the promise of potential knowledge gain has outweighed the risk.

The Brigadier and Baker discuss UNIT's security clearance. Baker is disturbed to see central intelligence has no records of the Doctor. Lethbridge-Stewart claims the Doctor as his responsibility. Luckily, the Doctor returns to the conference room and Lethbridge-Stewart excuses Baker, giving him a chance to warn the Doctor he's trying to run a security check. The two men try to make sense of the cave drawings Spencer has drawn, but are greeted by a power failure as a cyclotron experiment goes awry. The Doctor charges into the cyclotron testing chamber and learns it undergoing a dangerous rise in power. As the operators attempt to stabilize the nuclear reactions, they shut down two sectors. Roberts cannot get the third sector stablised. Suddenly he goes completely still. Dawson tries to get his attention, but he attacks her. The Doctor and Brigadier grab hold of him and rescue Dawson, then the Doctor manages to stabilize sector three.

The Doctor returns to Liz to check the medical patients' records. There has been a startling outbreak of neuroses in the cyclotron room, where she previously felt ill. The Doctor thinks it doesn't have anything to do with the cyclotron itself, but the caves. That room is deepest and closest to the cave systems, and he did not suffer illness like the others, leading him to believe the sickness affects only humans. The two look at the reports of Davis's death. The dead worker's wounds look like giant claw marks.

Now changed into suitable clothes for exploration, the Doctor makes his way into the caves, where he hears a loud roar and goes to investigate. He finds a cave hammer and a rope abandoned from the last expedition. He hears the roar again, only closer, and draws nearer to the sound until he is in the same place as the original attack. He almost leaves, but hears the roar directly behind him. He turns to see a dinosaur, and it instantly attacks him.

Episode 2
The dinosaur is called off by a strange whistling, and the Doctor returns. The Brigadier decides to explore the caves with armed men. Baker fires at a humanoid figure he spots in the caves. He is attacked by the dinosaur-like creature, but it is again called off by the same sound. The Doctor returns to the centre with Baker, taking samples of the blood that was shed when Baker fired at the humanoid.

Examining the blood, the Doctor finds similarities to the "higher reptiles". In the meantime, the humanoid has reached the surface and stumbles into a barn to hide. Quinn goes into the caves to a hidden base, where he demands the knowledge he was promised. He is told that he must first see to the wounded humanoid and is given a signal device which emits the sound heard earlier.

The humanoid is discovered by a farmer and his wife, and attacks them. The farmer dies of a heart attack, but the wife survives and—while admitted for shock at the local hospital—identifies her attacker to the Doctor. He and the Brigadier realise the creature is still in the barn, where they left Liz.

Liz, taking blood samples, turns to see a reptilian biped. She screams as the creature knocks her down...

Episode 3
The unseen humanoid flees. When Liz awakes, she tells the Doctor and the Brigadier, and the latter orders a manhunt across the moor, just as Quinn arrives at the barn. Making an excuse, he leaves and summons the humanoid with his device. The Brigadier and the Doctor discover the humanoid's tracks, which end in tire marks.

The Doctor goes to Quinn's cottage, and notes that it is remarkably hot, like a reptile house. Quinn replies that the thermostat is broken. Quinn does not react well to the hints the Doctor is dropping or to his veiled attempts to get him to co-operate, and asks the Doctor to leave. Breaking into Quinn's office, the Doctor finds a globe that depicts the Earth's continents as they were millions of years ago, which the Doctor identifies as during the Silurian epoch.

Back at the cottage, Miss Dawson tries to persuade Quinn to tell the Doctor everything, but Quinn is adamant that he will keep the wounded Silurian captive until he is given the advanced scientific knowledge he wants. Later, when the Doctor goes to the cottage to once again try to reason with Quinn, he finds the scientist slumped in his chair with his eyes half open. He checks for a heartbeat, but the man is dead. The Doctor closes Quinn's eyes with his hand and spies a peculiar object tightly gripped in his fist. He gingerly loosens Quinn's fingers around it and retrieves the object, the signal device. His curiosity piqued, he turns on the device, making it emit the whistling noise he heard before- without realising the creature he's been looking for is inside the house. It responds to the signal and emerges into the doorway. The Doctor turns around; his eyes go wild with shock as he watches a reptilian humanoid walking toward him.

Episode 4
The Doctor attempts communication, only for the Silurian to run away. Baker, still convinced that the answer lies in the caves, overpowers the UNIT soldier, Hart, guarding the sickbay and enters them by himself. He is soon captured by the Silurians and interrogated as to the capabilities of the humans. The Doctor and Liz explore the caves following Baker's route and open the entrance to the Silurian base with Quinn's signal device, where they find Baker in a locked cage. He tells them that they must warn the surface.

The Doctor and Liz leave undiscovered, but not before they see a Silurian being revived from hibernation by a machine, explaining the energy drains that the reactor has been experiencing. Meanwhile, Masters, the Permanent Under-Secretary in charge of the centre, arrives for a personal inspection, and Lawrence complains to him about UNIT's interference. The Doctor decides to tell them all about the Silurians in the caves, urging a peaceful contact instead of the Brigadier's proposed armed expedition. However, this falls on deaf ears when Miss Dawson reveals that Quinn was killed by the Silurian he held captive.

The Doctor goes to warn and reason with the Silurians, but they put him in a cage as well. An older Silurian seems to be willing to listen to the Doctor, but a younger one wants to destroy the humans and retake the planet. The UNIT troops soon find themselves trapped, with stone walls inexplicably appearing to block off their passage. The younger Silurian attacks the Doctor psychically with a glowing third eye.

Episode 5
The older Silurian sees what is going on and stops the younger Silurian. He tells the Doctor how their race retreated underground when they saw the Moon approaching Earth millions of years before. The hibernation mechanism malfunctioned, and they did not revive until a new power source—the nuclear reactor—was discovered.

The Doctor manages to persuade the older Silurian to release the Brigadier and his men, but the younger Silurian orders Baker infected with a bacteria before he is released. When the older Silurian discovers this, he releases the Doctor, giving him a canister of the bacteria culture so he can discover a cure. The younger Silurian kills the older one for this act.

At the centre, the Doctor warns everyone to stay away from Baker, who collapses with the infection. Masters, however, decides to return to London, unaware that he has also been infected. Baker is taken to a local hospital without the Doctor's knowledge and dies there. "The first one", the Doctor grimly notes.

Episode 6
The Brigadier holds Baker's doctor and nurse at gunpoint to prevent them from leaving and spreading the disease while the Doctor returns to the centre to work on the cure. The Brigadier and Liz try to warn London, while all of the centre's staff are inoculated with a stopgap vaccine.

All, that is, except for Lawrence, who refuses. Masters, in the meantime, has reached London and eludes the search parties desperately looking for him. The illness begins to spread and the deaths begin, the infection even reaching France. Lawrence eventually dies from the bacteria, complaining in his last moments that the affair has ruined his career.

The young Silurian decides the Doctor must be killed before he finds a cure. The Doctor has indeed found one, and as he writes down the formula, the Silurians attack the centre and stun him with their third eyes and take him away.

Episode 7
Liz, however, discovers the formula and it is soon being mass produced and distributed. The Silurians have a back-up plan, however. They intend to use a weapon to destroy the Van Allen Belt and make the Earth's environment hostile to humankind, and will force the Doctor to connect the reactor to provide power to the weapon. UNIT troops are lured into the caves and commence a battle with the Silurians while the younger Silurian takes the Doctor to the reactor control room along with Liz and the Brigadier. The Doctor, however, overloads the reactor and tells the younger Silurian that the area will be irradiated for at least 25 years. The Silurians disengage from the battle with UNIT and reenter the caves to hibernate until the danger has passed. Since the mechanism is faulty, the younger Silurian will stay awake to operate it and sacrifice his life. The Doctor and Liz, meanwhile, repair the reactor, and go to the underground base, where the younger Silurian realises he has been duped into sending his race back to sleep. He attacks the Doctor in a rage, but is killed by the Brigadier.

Later, on Wenley Moor, the Doctor tells Liz that he proposes to revive the Silurians one by one and try to reach a peaceful compromise between them and humanity. However, the Brigadier has other orders, and the Silurian base is blown up. The Doctor is horrified at this act of genocide, but Liz tells him that the Silurians would never have agreed to come to terms. The Doctor, still disgusted, drives away.

Cast
This serial had a sizeable cast of background characters, doubles and extras that did not receive on-screen credit.
 * Doctor Who - Jon Pertwee
 * Liz Shaw - Caroline John
 * Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart - Nicholas Courtney
 * Dr. Quinn - Fulton Mackay
 * Major Baker - Norman Jones
 * Dr. Lawrence - Peter Miles
 * Miss Dawson - Thomasine Heiner
 * Dr. Meredith - Ian Cunningham
 * Roberts - Roy Branigan
 * Spencer - John Newman
 * Davis - Bill Matthews
 * Captain Hawkins - Paul Darrow
 * Doris Squire - Nancie Jackson
 * Squire - Gordon Richardson
 * Silurians - Pat Gorman, Paul Barton, Simon Cain, John Churchill, Dave Carter
 * Silurian Voices - Peter Halliday
 * Masters - Geoffrey Palmer
 * Sergeant Hart - Richard Steele
 * Travis - Ian Talbot
 * Old Silurian - Dave Carter
 * Young Silurian - Nigel Johns
 * Private Robins - Harry Swift
 * Silurian Scientist - Pat Gorman
 * Corporal Nutting - Alan Mason
 * Private Wright - Derek Pollitt
 * Hospital Doctor - Brendan Barry

Crew

 * Writer - Malcolm Hulke
 * Title music by Ron Grainer and BBC Radiophonic Workshop
 * Incidental music composed and conducted by Carey Blyton
 * Designer - Barry Newbery
 * Producer - Barry Letts
 * Director - Timothy Combe
 * Film Cameraman - Fred Hamilton
 * Film Editor - Bill Huthbert
 * Visual Effects - James Ward
 * Script Editor - Terrance Dicks
 * Costumes - Christine Rawlins
 * Makeup - Marion Richards, Teresa Wright
 * Studio Lighting - Ralph Walton
 * Sound - John Staple
 * Special sounds by Brian Hodgson & BBC Radiophonic Workshop
 * Videotape Editor - Sam Upton

Story notes

 * This story had a working title of The Monsters (also sometimes referred to as Doctor Who and the Monsters).
 * Bessie (on-screen numberplate WHO 1) is seen for the first time. Its real life numberplate was MTR 5, as WHO 1 was not available — having already been registered elsewhere. Special WHO 1 numberplates were made and used on the car when filming on private ground or on the public highway with permission from the police.
 * This is the first use of CSO (Colour Separation Overlay) in Doctor Who.
 * The unusual music in this story was conducted by Carey Blyton and featured clarinets, recorders, cellos and horns.
 * This is the only serial title to break the "Doctor Who" naming taboo (i.e. directly identifying the character by the incorrect name "Doctor Who"). Previously, an episode of the serial The Chase also broke the taboo by being titled "The Death of Doctor Who".
 * The title of the story came about because most of the scripts (up to this point) were titled Doctor Who and the... While the Doctor Who and the... was ordinarily left off the titles, this time, the title retained the words. To avoid this occurrence in the future, the Doctor Who and the... was left off the scripts in the following stories. The practice was, however, retained for the Target Books novelisations, although when the time came to adapt this story, a different title was chosen (see below).
 * There are non-speaking cameo appearances by members of the production team, including Barry Letts and Terrance Dicks as rail passengers and, most prominently, Trevor Ray as a ticket collector struck down by the Silurian bacteria, in the location scenes shot at Marylebone Station in London.
 * The cave creatures are named Silurians on the presumption that they come from the Silurian Period. It was known that reptiles had not evolved by the Silurian Period, so technically the name is a misnomer. Nevertheless the name was kept because it sounded good for the story.
 * When the Silurians return to hibernation at the end of the episode, they say they will be revived in fifty years. While the year of this episode is not given, it was broadcast in 1970. Fifty years later would be 2020, which coincides with the events of TV: The Hungry Earth.
 * With Mission to the Unknown, The Mind of Evil, The Daemons, The Sea Devils, The Sontaran Experiment, Genesis of the Daleks and Midnight, this is one of only eight televised stories in the history of Doctor Who not to feature the TARDIS.
 * For episodes one, three and four, Carey Blyton is given the credit "Incidental music by". For episodes two and episodes five to seven, the credit is given as "Incidental music composed and conducted by".
 * Despite its 1970 airdate, this was the final story in the series to be filmed during the 1960's, having begun location filming in November of 1969. As such, this story and Spearhead from Space are the only two of that sort to have been shot in full color.

Ratings

 * Episode 1 - 8.8 million viewers
 * Episode 2 - 7.3 million viewers
 * Episode 3 - 7.5 million viewers
 * Episode 4 - 8.2 million viewers
 * Episode 5 - 7.5 million viewers
 * Episode 6 - 7.2 million viewers
 * Episode 7 - 7.5 million viewers

Filming locations

 * Marylebone station, Marylebone, London (Where the disease breaks out)
 * Dorset Square, Marylebone, London (Where Masters gets out of the taxi)
 * Sheephatch Farm, Sheephatch Lane, Tilford, Surrey (Location of the farm the Silurian hides in)
 * Milford Chest Hospital, Tuesley Lane, Milford, Surrey (Wenley Hospital)
 * Hog's Back Transmitter Station, Hog's Back, Guildford, Surrey (Exterior shots of Wenley Moor Nuclear Power station)
 * Melcombe Place, Marylebone, London (Masters hails a taxi from here)
 * Swancombe House (walkway), St. Ann's Road, Shepherd's Bush, London (Masters succumbs to the infection and dies at this location)
 * Hankley Common, Rushmoor, Surrey (Wenley Moor)
 * High Street, Godalming, Surrey (The town through which the Doctor and Liz Shaw are seen travelling in Bessie at the start of the story)
 * BBC Television Centre, Studio 3, Studio 1, Studio 8

Production errors

 * Quinn arrives in the barn with a wet coat. In the next shot in the same scene, his coat is dry.
 * The vision impairment of the injured Silurian changes between episodes.
 * The "Doctor Who - Jon Pertwee" end credit card "ghosts" throughout Episode 6. Visually it looks similar to screen burn on a plasma television. The cause of this is unknown.
 * When Major Baker is released by the Silurians in order to spread their disease, the rock he gets up from can be seen wobbling.

Continuity

 * This story marks the first appearance of the Silurians, an occasionally recurring species (see Silurians - list of appearances).
 * PROSE: Blood Heat and COMIC: Final Genesis both take place in (separate) alternate timelines which diverge from this story. In both versions, the Third Doctor died, with completely different outcomes for Earth's history.
 * Sea Devils, the Silurian's "aquatic cousins", appear in TV: The Sea Devils.
 * The journalist whom the Brigadier briefly speaks to over the phone at the Wenley Moor nuclear research facility is James Stevens of the Daily Chronicle, who received the number from a . (PROSE: Who Killed Kennedy)
 * After the failure of the Wenley Moor nuclear research facility, among other incidents, was publicised by Stevens in his "Bad Science" series of articles, Harold Wilson's position as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom became untenable and the Labour Party lost the general election in June 1970 to the Conservatives, led by Edward Heath. (PROSE: Who Killed Kennedy)
 * Several weeks after the plague outbreak, Doris Squire was still being treated for shock "after claiming to see some sort of lizard walking upright like a man." According to Stevens, this story did not even make the gutter press. (PROSE: Who Killed Kennedy)
 * Under the pseudonym "Victor Magister," was charged with having caused the plague outbreak, among other incidents, after being captured in Devil's End. Stevens notes that his terrorist activities were little remembered by most British people in 1996. (PROSE: Who Killed Kennedy)
 * In an alternative timeline in which the Doctor's exile on Earth did not begin until 1997, this crisis was resolved by Captain Mike Yates and his men travelling back in time millions of years to destroy the Silurian civilisation using fourteen nuclear warheads to prevent their eventual reawakening in the 1970s. This resulted in the creation of a crater in the middle of London. It is not made clear how this version of UNIT gained access to time travel technology. (NOTVALID: Sympathy for the Devil)
 * By the time of his second incarnation, the Doctor had heard tales of a sentient race which evolved on Earth before humanity but had not yet encountered them at that point in his personal timeline. (PROSE: The Wheel of Ice)
 * Dr. Lawrence and Masters received letters which predicted the exact dates and times of their deaths from the Apocalypse Clock. Lawrence died at 4pm on 21 November. (AUDIO: The Last Post)

DVD releases

 * This story was released as part of a boxset called Beneath the Surface with The Sea Devils and Warriors of the Deep.

Digital releases

 * Released in standard definition in iTunes stores (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, UK and US) as part of the Doctor Who (rather than Doctor Who: The Classic Series) collection Monsters: Silurians, which additionally includes The Hungry Earth and Cold Blood, also in standard definition. (Individual episodes in this collection are titled The Silurians, Episode 1, etc.)
 * On 4 November 2013, this story was released in standard definition in non-UK iTunes stores (Australia, Canada, France, Germany and US) as part of the Doctor Who: The Classic Series collection Doctor Who Sampler: The Third Doctor, which additionally includes Revisited: John Pertwee, The Third Doctor. (Individual episodes in this collection are titled The Silurians, Episode 1, etc.)
 * This story was released in BBC Store, opened for UK residents on 5 November 2015.
 * The story is available for streaming in the US through Hulu Plus as Episodes 5-11 of Season 7 of Classic Doctor Who collection.

VHS releases

 * This was released on video in episodic format in 1993 in the UK and Australia and 1995 in the US.

Editing for both VHS and DVD releases was completed by the Doctor Who Restoration Team.

CD release
The story's soundtrack was released by BBC Audio in January 2008, with linking narration by Caroline John.