The Dæmons (TV story)

The Dæmons was the fifth and final story of Season 8. It concluded a series-long succession of stories featuring, ending with his incarceration. However, the character would continue to appear on an occasional basis during Season 9 and Season 10.

Synopsis
The Master, posing as a rural vicar, summons a cloven-hoofed demon in a church crypt. Seeking to gain the ancient titan's demonic power, he gathers a cult and then corrupts or controls the residents of Devil's End to bow to his will. Dark elemental forces begin to disturb the village on the eve of May Day: unexplained murders, a stone gargoyle come to life, and a nigh-impenetrable infernal energy dome. With the Master fully prepared to destroy the Earth, the Doctor and UNIT - aided by a benevolent practitioner of witchcraft - battle the wicked rites of a secret science weilded by an alien from another world.

Episode one
During a storm that whips through the rural English village of Devil's End, a dog gets away from its owner, Jim. He pursues it into a graveyard, only to encounter something unseen and die. The local doctor, Reeves, says that it was a heart attack, but Olive Hawthorne, the local witch, insists that the man died of fright. She has cast her runes and fears that there is evil afoot.

Near the village, an archaeological dig is excavating the infamous Devil's Hump, a Bronze Age burial mound. The dig is being covered by BBC Three. The interviewer, Alistair Fergus, speaks to the cantankerous Professor Horner, who claims that the Hump holds the treasure and tomb of a warrior chieftain, and that he plans to open the tomb at the stroke of midnight on April 30th, the date of the occult festival of Beltane.

The television coverage is being watched by the Third Doctor and Jo at UNIT HQ. While the Doctor scoffs at Jo's notions of the dawning of the Age of Aquarius and her belief in the supernatural, he feels that something is wrong with the dig. On the television, they see Miss Hawthorn protesting about the dig, warning of great evil and the coming of the horned beast, but she is dismissed as a crank. The Doctor tells Jo that Olive Hawthorne is right — the dig must be stopped. They start off for Devil's End. Miss Hawthorn returns to the village, and a strong wind whips up out of nowhere. She raises her arms to command it to be still, not knowing that the local constable, PC Groom, has gone into a trance behind her and is about to strike her down with a stone. The wind dies away as she chants, and PC Groom regains his senses without landing the blow. She then goes to see the vicar, but he has been mysteriously replaced by a new man, Mr Magister. Magister — actually the Master — tries to assure her that her fears are unfounded, but his hypnosis fails to overcome her will, and she says she will find someone who will believe her.

The Doctor and Jo, driving to Devil's End, get lost when a wind springs up from nowhere and spins a signpost round, to point in the wrong direction. Over at the Devil's Hump, nerves among the tv crew are beginning to fray as midnight approaches. When the Doctor and Jo call at the village pub to get directions, one of the villagers informs the Master of the Doctor's presence. The Master tells the acolyte to get dressed for the coming ceremony.

On the way to the Hump, the Doctor's car, Bessie, is blocked by a fallen tree. Unable to budge it, the Doctor and Jo rush to the mound on foot. The Master, dressed in ceremonial robes and with a coven of thirteen acolytes, starts a summoning ritual in the cavern beneath the church. As their chanting grows more frenzied, the Doctor and Jo reach the mound and the Doctor rushes inside to stop Horner, but it is too late. With the tomb open icy gusts of wind rush out, and the ground begins to quake, toppling the camera crew - and even the members of the Master's coven, miles away. The Master laughs triumphantly and calls the entity's name, Azal. The eyes of a gargoyle, Bok, flare into life with a reddish glow. Jo enters the mound to find Horner and the Doctor motionless: apparently dead, and covered with frost...

Episode two
Horner is dead, and the Doctor seems dead as well. The Master uses a knife to indicate a stone covered in ritual markings as the "appointed place", dismissing the coven. Back at UNIT, Captain Mike Yates and Sergeant Benton were watching the end of the broadcast as it went dead. They try to find out what's going on while attempting to contact the Brigadier, who had earlier gone for a night at the opera. Meanwhile, the village doctor discovers that the Doctor may not be entirely dead after all, but is puzzled when he hears the beating of two hearts. Jo telephones Yates, who tells her he will be there by helicopter in the morning, just as the line is cut off from the outside. The Master prays in the church as Jo watches over the still unconscious Doctor in the pub. At the dig, the ground shakes and the constable on duty sees something gigantic with heavy footsteps, and falls. In the morning, Yates and Benton fly by helicopter to Devil's End, and see burn marks on the fields before the village that resemble enormous footprints. Once in Devil's End, Benton decides to look around the village while Yates finally manages to contact the Brigadier, who is not pleased that Yates has commandeered his helicopter, and calls for a car. Benton, looking around in the church, finds Olive trapped in a cupboard, where the Master's verger, Garvin, had locked her. Down in the cellar to hide from Garvin, she tells Benton about Magister. Garvin comes down with a rifle, and Benton tries to disarm him. In the ensuing fight, Benton falls on the marked stone and seizes up. Garvin holds both of them at gunpoint and moves them outside, just as the ground starts to shake. Garvin fires up at something gigantic, but is engulfed in a fireball. The heat wave extends even into the village, knocking Jo and Yates down, just as the Doctor awakens with a start. Olive and Benton make their way back to the pub, and the Doctor discusses the incident with Olive, who says that she saw the devil, 30 feet high and with horns. The Doctor is told of the new vicar, and realises who is behind this, as "Magister" is Latin for "Master".

The Brigadier finds himself unable to enter the village, as there is a barrier surrounding it that causes anything trying to enter to heat up and burst into flame. He contacts Yates and is briefed on the situation while the Doctor and Jo return to the dig, an act the Master seems to be able to sense. They find the constable dead and a small spaceship in the mound the same shape as the Hump. Jo tries to lift it but cannot, as the Doctor explains that it weighs 750 tons. Suddenly, Bok leaps into the tent covering the entrance to the tomb, about to attack...

Episode three
The Doctor wards him off with some words in a strange language and an iron trowel. The Doctor explains to Jo that he actually used the words of a Venusian lullaby — it was the gargoyle's own superstition that drove it back. The Master, in the meantime, hypnotises the squire, Winstanley, as Olive and the Doctor debate about whether it is magic or science that is at work here. The Brigadier discovers that the heat shield is dome shaped, centred on the church, with a radius of ten miles out and one mile high. The Doctor shows the others pictures of various horned gods and demons from Olive's occult and history book collection, and explains that the creature Olive saw was an extraterrestrial, one of the Dæmons from the planet Dæmos, 60,000 light years away, who came to Earth one hundred thousand years before. The small spaceship's actual size is 200 feet long and 30 feet across, and the heat and cold waves they have been experiencing are the result of the energy displaced when the ship shrinks or grows. The Doctor further explains that the Dæmons have influenced Earth throughout its history, becoming part of human myth, and see the planet as a giant experiment. The Master has called the Dæmon up once, and right now, it is so small as to be invisible. The third summoning, however, could signal the end of the experiment, and the world. The Master uses Bok to scare the church masses into helping him summon Azal. The Brigadier contacts Yates and says he is about to try attacking the heat shield from the air. The Doctor warns him not to, saying that it would only strengthen it, and suggests they use a diathermic energy exchanger. When UNIT technician Osgood fails to understand what the Doctor is getting at, he says he will come out and explain. When he does so, Tom Girton, one the villagers working with the Master, hijacks the UNIT helicopter and uses it to attack the Doctor. The Doctor swerves Bessie out of the way and the helicopter explodes against the heat shield. As the Doctor relates his instructions to Osgood, who protests that it goes against the laws of physics, the Master summons Azal again. A heat wave and an earth tremor once again sweep through the village as Azal curses the Master for daring to summon him again.

Episode four
The Master tries to dismiss Azal with an iron candlestick holder, but it does not seem to work. He demands that Azal give him the power that is his right, but Azal warns him that he is not the Master's servant. Azal also senses the presence of another like the Master, and wants to speak to the Doctor to see if he is worthy to take over the world. Azal says on his third appearance, he will decide if Earth deserves to continue existing (during which, he makes a passing remark about how they destroyed Atlantis). If so, he will give it to the Master. Azal then vanishes in another heat wave.

After explaining the process of creating the exchanger to Osgood, the Doctor returns to the village. However, the Master's agents are at work, and he is soon captured by a mob of villagers and tied up to a maypole, about to be burned alive. Olive goes to the mob and tells them that the Doctor is a mighty wizard, and with some help from Benton's silenced pistol and a remote controlled Bessie, convinces the mob that the Doctor does indeed have magical powers.

Jo has left the bed to investigate and encounters Yates, who tells her about the multiple traps laid throughout the catacombs. He demonstrates with the same force field that seized up Benton. The Master has gathered the people he had scared earlier to bring out as many negative emotions as possible. The Master begins to summon Azal. Jo tries to interrupt the ritual, but it is too late. Azal has summoned for his third and final time....

Episode five
With another rush of heat, Azal manifests himself, and Jo and Yates are taken prisoner. Outside, the Doctor explains to the now calmer villagers that his "magic" was due to science, and so is the Master's trickery. The rituals are merely used to focus the psychokinetic energy of humans that the Master needs to summon the Dæmons. As Jo is prepared as a sacrifice to Azal, the exchanger finally works and UNIT forces go through the gap created in the heat shield, but the gap only lasts a few minutes and the exchanger soon overloads. Mike escapes and tells the Doctor about Jo, but Bok is guarding the entrance to the catacombs. The use of the exchanger momentarily weakens Bok and Azal, and the Doctor rushes by the gargoyle. He makes it down to the cellar, where the Master is expecting him. Outside, UNIT troops start firing at Bok, who can disintegrate objects and people with a wave of his hand, but he is also bulletproof. Even a bazooka does not work, as the pieces of the gargoyle reform almost instantly. Inside the church, the Master makes his case to the Dæmon that he will rule the Earth experiment's people for their own good. The Doctor argues that man should be given a chance to grow up. Azal finally decides to give his power to the Master, and fires electricity at the Doctor to kill him. However, Jo, steps in front of the Doctor, asking Azal to kill her instead. This act of self-sacrifice does not make sense to Azal, and the confusion sends him into an agony. He shouts for all of them to leave as he is dying. Bok reverts to his stone form, and as everyone runs out of the church, it blows up. The Master tries to escape in Bessie, but the Doctor's remote control brings the car back, and the Master is taken into custody, to be put in maximum security.

Olive Hawthorne hears the sound of bird songs and the smell of flowers once again, as the Earth is reborn each May Day. Olive takes Benton to dance around the maypole with the rest of the townsfolk, while Yates and the Brigadier go off to the pub for a drink. The Doctor and Jo join the dance, as the May Day celebrations continue and the Doctor remarks to Jo that perhaps there is magic in the world after all.

Cast

 * Dr. Who - Jon Pertwee
 * Jo Grant - Katy Manning
 * - Roger Delgado
 * Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart - Nicholas Courtney
 * Captain Mike Yates - Richard Franklin
 * Sergeant Benton - John Levene
 * Olive Hawthorne - Damaris Hayman
 * Bert the Landlord - Don McKillop
 * Winstanley - Rollo Gamble
 * Professor Horner - Robin Wentworth
 * Alastair Fergus - David Simeon
 * Harry - James Snell
 * Garvin - John Joyce
 * Dr. Reeves - Eric Hillyard
 * Tom Girton - Jon Croft
 * PC Groom - Christopher Wray
 * Baker's Man - Gerald Taylor
 * Bok - Stanley Mason
 * Sgt. Osgood - Alec Linstead
 * Thorpe - John Owens
 * Azal - Stephen Thorne
 * Morris Dancers - The Headington Quarry Men
 * Jones - Matthew Corbett

Crew

 * Assistant Floor Manager - Sue Hedden
 * Costumes - Barbara Lane
 * Designer - Roger Ford
 * Fight Arranger - Peter Diamond
 * Film Cameraman - Fred Hamilton
 * Film Editor - Chris Wimble
 * Film Sound - Dick Manton
 * Incidental Music - Dudley Simpson
 * Make-Up - Jan Harrison
 * Producer - Barry Letts
 * Production Assistant - Peter Grimwade
 * Script Editor - Terrance Dicks
 * Special Sounds - Brian Hodgson
 * Studio Lighting - Tony Millier
 * Studio Sound - Ralph Walton
 * Theme Arrangement - Delia Derbyshire
 * Title Music - Ron Grainer
 * Visual Effects - Peter Day

The Doctor's items

 * The Doctor has fitted his car, Bessie, with radio remote control.

The Master

 * The Master has taken over as vicar in the village of Devil's End.
 * The Doctor says the Master reminds him of either Adolf Hitler or Genghis Khan.

Species

 * Azal is a member of the race of Dæmons, from the planet Dæmos on the other side of the galaxy.
 * It is implied that Azal (or his race) destroyed Atlantis.
 * Bok is a stone gargoyle from the Church crypt, animated by Azal and under the mental control of the Master. It has a fear of iron (an ancient magical defence), and is repelled by the Doctor's use of a Venusian lullaby, which Bok believes is a psionic incantation.
 * When coming to grips with the idea that the Dæmons might be aliens, Sergeant Benton compares them to other alien species he's met, namely the Axons (TV: The Claws of Axos) and the Cybermen (TV: The Invasion).

Technology

 * When instructing Sgt. Osgood on how to build the energy exchanger, the Doctor tells him to reverse the polarity. This is one of several occasions on which the Third Doctor comes quite close to using his putative catchphrase, 'reverse the polarity of the neutron flow', without actually using it.

Language

 * The Master uses the alias "Mr Magister". The Doctor explains that magister means "master" in Latin.
 * Untranslated, though, is the name the Doctor chooses for himself — calling himself "the Great Wizard Qui Quae Quod". This is three conjugates (the masculine, feminine and neuter forms) of the Latin word "who", continuing the "Doctor who?" running joke.

Story notes

 * This story had the working title The Demons.
 * "Guy Leopold" (the writer) is a pen name for Robert Sloman and Barry Letts.
 * The Radio Times programme listing for episode one was accompanied by a black and white illustration by Frank Bellamy depicting Miss Hawthorne, along with the Doctor and Jo driving towards Devil's End in Bessie, with the accompanying caption "Dr. Who drives into a new adventure: 6.15". That for the omnibus rerun of the story on 28 December 1971 was accompanied by another black and white illustration by Bellamy depicting the Doctor with the Master in the background, with the accompanying caption "Dr. Who meets The Master in the Daemons: 6.20".
 * Although the filming location, the village of Aldbourne, is in the county of Wiltshire, there is no indication in the on-screen dialogue as to which county Devil's End is situated in. However, there is a reference in episode 1 to the Third Lord Aldbourne, during the tv news report about the archaeological dig being conducted in the village by Professor Horner.
 * The shot of the exploding helicopter is actually an unused out-take from a James Bond film, possibly You Only Live Twice (1967) or From Russia With Love (1963). The sequence looked so convincing on-screen that a popular myth persists to this day that a helicopter was actually destroyed during the filming.
 * The area under the church is always referred to as "the cavern", never "the crypt". This was a BBC requirement to avoid the risk of causing offence to viewers with religious sensibilities. Similarly, much to director Christopher Barry's amazement, no mention of God was permitted to be made in the story's dialogue, in case this was considered to be blasphemous – although references to the Devil were acceptable.
 * The incantation used by the Master to summon the Dæmon is the nursery rhyme "Mary had a little lamb" spoken backwards. It was originally going to be the Lord's Prayer, spoken backwards, but BBC executives objected.
 * In the DVD featurette Terrance Dicks: Fact & Fiction (included on the DVD of Horror of Fang Rock), Dicks confesses that in the script he originally cut out the famous "Chap with wings, five rounds rapid" line, but it was reinstated at Barry Letts' request.
 * It was believed by many viewers that the model of the church blown up in the final episode (a replica of the actual church in Aldbourne) was real, because the sequence looked so convincing on-screen. Complaints were received by the BBC deploring its destruction.
 * When the signpost pointing to Devil's End is shown in episode two, another sign on it can be seen to read "Satanhall".
 * This is the only story to end an episode on a cliffhanger of the Master in peril.
 * The dig is broadcast on BBC3. This revelation will be taken differently by different audiences. At the time The Dæmons was broadcast, there was no such thing as BBC3. Consequently, to the contemporaneous audience, this was an indication that the story was not set in the present day, but a few years in the future. The writer and producers perhaps felt that BBC3 was no more than a few years off, therefore allowing them to sneakily set the story in the late 1970s. It made sense, at the time, to include these little nods to the future, as it was the general intent of Sherwin/Letts/Hinchcliffe-era UNIT stories that they be set in the slight future. However, in this case, the trick falls flat on a modern audience. In real life, BBC3 wasn't launched until 2003, which only adds to the broader UNIT dating controversy, since the story is otherwise quite evidently not set in the same time period as, say, Rose. Very young audience members won't be troubled by the remark at all, since, for them, BBC3 has always been around. Likewise, non-Britons will likely not understand the gag at all, regardless of their age.
 * To confuse matters still further, the most recent broadcast of this story on the BBC was on 21 and 22 October 2007 - not on BBC 3, but on BBC FOUR. (The broadcast compiled episodes one, two and three in one broadcast on October 21 2007, and episodes four and five the following evening.)


 * The symbols on the collar of the Master's ceremonial robe are from the sixteenth century occult alphabet known as Theban, and from left to right they translate to "Master".
 * Barry Letts' brief from the BBC's head of serials was to produce a 26 episode season for broadcast during 1971. To meet this requirement, The Daemons should have been a six-part serial; but in the event, because of production difficulties, it was transmitted as a 5-parter.
 * This is the only televised story of Doctor Who to contain a typographic ligature in its title: æ.
 * Along with Mission to the Unknown, Doctor Who and the Silurians, The Mind of Evil, The Sea Devils, The Sontaran Experiment, Genesis of the Daleks and Midnight, this is one of only eight televised stories in the history of Doctor Who not to feature the TARDIS (The Ambassadors of Death, Inferno and Day of the Daleks feature the central console, but not the TARDIS itself).
 * Part two of the story is the 300th episode of Doctor Who.
 * The 625 line PAL colour videotapes of episodes one, two, three and five were either erased for reuse, junked or lost — despite a request made by Barry Letts during his time as producer for the story to be retained complete as an example of 1970s Doctor Who. For some unknown reason, only episode four was kept in this format. 16mm black & white film telerecordings, made for overseas sale, were retained for the other episodes.
 * This story was chosen by fans to represent the Jon Pertwee era, to be rebroadcast for Doctor Who @40.

Ratings

 * Episode one - 9.2 million viewers
 * Episode two - 8.0 million viewers
 * Episode three - 8.1 million viewers
 * Episode four - 8.1 million viewers
 * Episode five - 8.3 million viewers

Myths

 * There was a sixth episode planned, where the Master escaped UNIT. (This was an April Fools' joke in the fanzine DWB.)

Influences

 * Much is made of the strong influence on season 7 of Doctor Who of the BBC's 1950s Professor Quatermass serials, but here is an even more direct connection in season 8. This story makes more than a few nods towards Quatermass and the Pit (which, in 1971, Barry Letts would have been familiar with from the 1967 feature film adaptation), and not just for the idea that stories of devils and demons may be a race memory of horned aliens who conducted a eugenics experiment on early humans. Devil's End is essentially the same placename as Hobb's Lane, the fictitious London setting of the Quatermass serial, Hobb being an old name for the Devil. The use of iron to hold both Azal and Bok at bay is an old folk superstition that is also referred to in the Quatermass serial (see also TV: Image of the Fendahl). And to further strengthen the connection, Roger Delgado - here playing The Master - had himself appeared in the Quatermass television serials of the 1950s.
 * The large hoof prints left by Azal as he walks from the barrow to the village of Devil's End echos a famous and well-documented case. On the morning of 9 February 1855, the inhabitants of several villages and towns in Devon awoke to find what appeared to be the tracks of a hooved, two-legged creature in the snow, traversing a total distance of one hundred miles, going over rooftops, a 14-foot wall, and even apparently leaping across a two mile wide estuary. Many believed that the Devil himself had walked through Devon the previous night.

Filming locations

 * Aldbourne, Wiltshire
 * Ramsbury Airfield, Ramsbury, Wiltshire
 * BBC Television Centre (Studio 4), Shepherd's Bush, London

Production errors

 * Various differing pronunciations of 'Dæmons', 'Dæmos' (and all other permutations) are used throughout the story.
 * During the struggle between Benton and Garvin in episode two, Garvin's shotgun breaks in two, forcing actor John Joyce (Garvin) to hold the shotgun together.
 * When the Doctor runs into the church in episode five, he slams the door behind him, causing the wall to shake noticeably.

BBC holiday repeat
On 28 December 1971, The Daemons became the very first serial to be rebroadcast by the BBC in omnibus form; and on this occasion the chosen serial was shown complete. Billed as Dr Who and the Daemons in Radio Times, this was the first time a "complete adventure in one programme" — to quote the programme listing — had been shown. (In the 1960s, when Doctor Who was being broadcast 48 weeks a year, there was normally no opportunity, or imperative, to show any repeats between one season and the next.)

The repeat broadcast attracted 10.5 million viewers, the show's highest rating since 1965. This was such a huge audience that the experiment was adjudged a great success, and this led to a policy of showing at least one omnibus repeat from every subsequent season for many years afterwards, until well into the Tom Baker era.

Continuity

 * The Second Doctor had previously visited submerged modern day Atlantis in the company of Ben Jackson, Polly Wright and Jamie McCrimmon (TV: The Underwater Menace). The Third Doctor would subsequently visit ancient Atlantis to witness its destruction by the Chronavore in The Time Monster (after which broadcast, Barry Letts actually received a letter from a viewer pointing out that the show had now seen Atlantis destroyed three times).
 * In episode two of The Dæmons, the Doctor recites a few lines from a Venusian lullaby, which is heard in full the following season during The Curse of Peladon.
 * Although Sergeant Benton had previously worn civilian business suits for surveillance in The Invasion and The Mind of Evil, this is the first story in which he is on-duty in casual civilian attire or engages in armed combat out of uniform. This is also the first time that Captain Yates is on-duty in civilian clothes. At the opposite end of the spectrum, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart's is shown for the first time.
 * After being featured in every story of Season 8, the Master is captured by UNIT forces at the conclusion of this story and is next seen in prison in TV: The Sea Devils.
 * Winstanley tells Jo, "While there's life there's hope, right?", when the faintly alive Doctor is being thawed out in episode two. These would turn out to be the Third Doctor's last words to Sarah Jane Smith before his regeneration: "A tear, Sarah Jane? No, don't cry. While there's life, there's... (hope)" (TV: Planet of the Spiders).
 * The investigative journalist James Stevens and his girlfriend Dodo Chaplet, one of the First Doctor's former companions, watch the opening of the Devil's Hump live on television in the broadcast of The Passing Parade (PROSE: Who Killed Kennedy).
 * A Liverpudlian UNIT soldier named Francis Cleary was driven mad after seeing Satan himself in Devil's End. (PROSE: Who Killed Kennedy)
 * Under the pseudonym "Victor Magister," the Master was charged with having caused the attack on Black Thursday (TV: Terror of the Autons), the Silurian plague outbreak (TV: Doctor Who and the Silurians) and the failure of the World Peace Conference (TV: The Mind of Evil), among other incidents, after being captured at Devil's End. Stevens notes that his terrorist activities were little remembered by most British people in 1996 (PROSE: Who Killed Kennedy).
 * The Master's TARDIS is not seen in this story. He is said to have sent it to the Devil's End crypt at the close of PROSE: The Face of the Enemy.
 * The Master retrieves his TARDIS from the debris of the church in PROSE: The Eight Doctors (a novel by former Dr Who script editor Terrance Dicks).
 * A Daemon carcass is used by the Faction Paradox as a spaceship in PROSE: Interference - Book Two.
 * The planet Dæmos is mentioned in TV: The Satan Pit.
 * Some events of this episode are referred to in TV: Last of the Time Lords.

DVD Releases
The story was released on DVD on 26 March 2012.

BBC Store

 * Is available in BBC Store as a standalone story or as part of Doctor Who bundle The Classic Series: Series 8.

VHS releases
Episode five was included in black and white on the Pertwee Years video in 1992.

The Dæmons was released on VHS in the UK and Australia in 1993. This was an electronically restored colour version of the story completed by the Doctor Who Restoration Team.

Script book

 * The Dæmons was released by Titan Books as a script book in November 1992.

Other publications

 * In March 1971 The Daily Express newspaper reported on the location filming for this story as part of a feature article on Jon Pertwee, which included black and white photographs. This was one of a series of features they ran that month about well known tv personalities.
 * The Countdown Annual 1972, published in October 1971, contains an article (with photographs in colour) about the location filming in Aldbourne for this story. The article is listed on the contents page as "Filming Dr Who", but is actually entitled "A Day with Dr Who". The author was Countdown editor Dennis Hooper (who in it misspelled "Bessie" as "Betsy").