Aliases of the Doctor

During his travels in time and space, the Doctor employed many different aliases; sometimes only briefly and sometimes on an ongoing basis. Owing to his refusal to tell all but a few people his real name, he often had names bestowed upon him by others, often to his chagrin.

Ubiquity of the Title
"The Doctor" was not, in fact, a name, but a title. His given name was not generally known (see below), and as such the very title "the Doctor" was an alias. It has been implied his given name was ceremoniously withdrawn and stricken by his Cousins, as punishment for a disgrace he visited upon his House. (NA: Lungbarrow) When asked about the Doctor's name, his companion Peri Brown once said she'd been told she couldn't pronounce it. (BBCR: Slipback) Similarly he once told an interrogator (when being asked his name): 'you wouldn't be able to pronounce the first syllable of it'. (PDA: Salvation) Even when he was twice put on trial by his own people, the Time Lords, he was only ever referred to during these events as "the Doctor" (DW: The War Games), although The Valeyard, who prosecuted the second trial (and who, himself, was a future manifestation of the Doctor), acknowledged that it was an alias. (DW: Trial of a Time Lord) However, as the Doctor chose that "name" as part of Gallifreyan custom (DW: The Sound of Drums), its use in an official capacity is not unexpected.

The Doctor was able to keep his true name hidden despite numerous "mind-probe" attempts, both voluntary (DW: The Girl in the Fireplace) and involuntary. (DW: The Shakespeare Code)

Individuals with knowledge of his name
The Master and the Doctor had known each other since their Prydon Academy days, and by one account even earlier (BFA: Master), but it is not known for certain whether he ever knew the Doctor's true name, although he was well aware that "the Doctor" was an alias (DW: The Sound of Drums).

Another classmate of the Doctor's, Drax, may have known his real name, but instead referred to the Doctor by the nickname "Thete", short for Theta Sigma. (DW: The Armageddon Factor; The Happiness Patrol)

Madame de Pompadour recognized it as an alias when she was briefly connected to the Doctor's mind, stating "Doctor...Doctor who? It's more than just a secret, isn't it?". (DW: The Girl in the Fireplace)


 * Whether or not Madame de Pompadour actually learned his name this way remains undisclosed. She was able to see into his mind and into his past, although it was established that if mind-reading was done in this way, memories could be closed off at will. That said, the Doctor was not aware that she was reading his mind at the time.

River Song, who when the Doctor first encountered her, claimed to have known him at some point in his future, is one of the only individuals confirmed to know his true name. In order to win the Doctor's trust, and prove her "credentials", she was seen to whisper the name into his ear. The Doctor seemed particularly shocked at this, later saying to her "there is only one reason I would ever tell anyone my name, only one time I could." (DW: Forest of the Dead)


 * She whispered the Doctor's name for a duration of roughly two seconds, suggesting the name may only be a few syllables long (assuming she uttered a complete name). As Steven Moffat made a point of mentioning the Doctor's name (and its secrecy), it is possible he will make some sort of a point of it in the upcoming Series 5. Indeed, he has stated in the past that he always felt the Doctor's name was never revealed only because it must have been some "terrible secret".

At least one other person, the Doctor's companion Samantha Jones, was also told his real name. (EDA: Unnatural History, Vanderdeken's Children)

Near the end of his tenth incarnation, members of an unidentified pan-dimensional race came to know the Doctor's real name. At this point he was of the opinion there was no one left in the universe who knew it. (BBCR: The Last Voyage)

To date there have been at least two individuals who received intimate knowledge of the Doctor's life and history -- Jackson Lake (DW: The Next Doctor) and Craig Owens (DW: The Lodger). There is no indication that this information, received via a data recording device for the former and the Doctor himself via the latter, included knowledge of his real name.

Significance
Far from being a random title, or one intended to inflate his credentials, the Doctor did, indeed, possess at least one doctorate. (DW: The Moonbase, The Armageddon Factor, The Mysterious Planet) On other occasions he described himself as a "Doctor of many things" (DW: Four to Doomsday), or, indeed, "everything". (DW: Utopia) Exactly what his doctorate(s) were for remain a mystery, although on several occasions the Doctor stated he was not a medical doctor (although that didn't stop his tenth incarnation from sporting a stethoscope on occasion).

True name
The Carrionite Lilith, unable to discover the Doctor's true name even with the "witchcraft" used by her kind, remarked, "There is no name. Why would a man hide his title in such despair?" (DW: The Shakespeare Code) The psychically-gifted Evelina, who attempted to foretell the Doctor's future, remarked that his "true name" was in fact "hidden". (DW: The Fires of Pompeii)

List of Aliases
During his life, numerous names were either used by, or bestowed upon the Time Lord most widely known as the Doctor.

The Doctor
As noted above, The Doctor itself was an alias, despite it being the name by which the Time Lord was most widely known. It has been claimed that, as per Gallifreyan custom, he chose this alias himself (DW:The Sound of Drums), though it may have just been a misunderstanding caused by an earlier alias (see Names given by others.) On at least one occasion, a Human knew this name without the Doctor even saying it out loud. (NA: Cat's Cradle: Warhead) His other aliases often included the title "Doctor". He implied to Peri that his given name also began with such a title. (DW: The Mysterious Planet) Drax, a fellow Time Lord, indicated that the Doctor did indeed possess a doctorate (although in what is not indicated). (DW: The Armageddon Factor) According to one account, during his first incarnation, the Doctor adopted this name for the benefit of Human colonists on the planet Iwa at the same that his grand-daughter adopted the name "Susan". (TN: Frayed)

During his eleventh incarnation, the Doctor claimed that he didn't actually know why he and other people called him 'The Doctor'. (DW: The Lodger)

John Smith
John Smith was the alias the Doctor often used on Earth and around Humans when a "standard" name was often required or demanded. It was usually preceded by the title "Doctor", though not always - for example, when he worked undercover as a teacher at a school and as a patient in a hospital. (DW: School Reunion, Smith and Jones) The earliest known use of the name occurred during his first incarnation, when he used a library card with the name Dr. J. Smith while still living at 76 Totter's Lane (DW: The Vampires of Venice), as well as for identification when renting the junkyard (ST: The Rag and Bone Man's Story) In his second incarnation, the name was independently used by his companion Jamie McCrimmon (who would not have known of the Doctor's earlier use of the name). (DW: The Wheel in Space) Later, he adopted it on a semi-regular basis during his third incarnation while exiled on Earth when he served as unpaid scientific advisor to UNIT. (DW: Spearhead from Space, et al)

As "John Smith" is considered a very generic name in some Earth cultures, the Doctor's use of the alias was occasionally treated with skepticism by others. (DW: Midnight)

The Doctor has twice temporarily changed himself into a human who used the name John Smith. This occurred in his seventh incarnation (NA: Human Nature) and in his tenth (DW: Human Nature/The Family of Blood).

Known uses of "John Smith"

 * On the Doctor's library card while still living at 76 Totter's Lane (DW: The Vampires of Venice)
 * As identification when renting the junkyard from its owner, Hawkins (ST: The Rag and Bone Man's Story)
 * Used when Rebecca Nurse asked his name, realising that a simple 'Doctor' would not do (PDA: The Witch Hunters)
 * Used to check in at Ingersoll's tavern in Salem (PDA: The Witch Hunters).
 * Given to him by Jamie and used aboard Space Station W3. (DW: The Wheel in Space)
 * Used when questioned by a german soldier in the second episode of DW: The War Games, who replies "Good. Now we are getting somewhere".
 * During his exile on Earth with UNIT, during which time he served as its scientific advisor (DW: Spearhead from Space, The Time Warrior)
 * "JSMITH" was the Sixth Doctor's username online. (PDA: Blue Box)
 * The German translation of this name, "Johann Schmidt," was used by the Seventh Doctor while impersonating a Nazi Reichsinspektor. (NA: Timewyrm: Exodus) The Eighth Doctor used it again while posing as a German spy. (BFA: Storm Warning)
 * The French translation, "Jean Forgeron," was used by the Doctor's fourth incarnation when met by French soldiers in the labyrinth underneath Paris. (IDW: The Forgotten)
 * Given to him serendipitously by Chang Lee on his hospital admittance forms after he was shot near the end of his seventh incarnation. (DW: Doctor Who)
 * Appeared as "Dr. John Smith" on a piece of psychic paper during a visit to 1941 (although he never actually used the alias on this occasion). (DW: The Empty Child)
 * Used while working under cover as a science teacher at Deffry Vale High School. (DW: School Reunion)
 * Used while posing as a patient at Royal Hope Hospital. (DW: Smith and Jones)
 * Used while impersonating a health and safety officer during an investigation of Adipose Industries (DW:Partners in Crime)
 * The Doctor attempted to use the alias aboard the Crusader 50 bus on the planet Midnight, but it was recognized as a false name and rejected by the panicking humans aboard. (DW: Midnight)
 * Used when "reintroducing" himself to Donna Noble after he was forced to erase her memories of him. (DW: Journey's End)
 * Used when encountering Jackson Lake, a man who, due to Infostamp exposure, believed himself to be an incarnation of the Doctor. (DW: The Next Doctor)

Theta Sigma
Theta Sigma (ΘΣ), informally "Thete", was a nickname used by the Doctor during his years at the Time Lord Academy on the planet Gallifrey. (DW: The Armageddon Factor, The Happiness Patrol, DWM: Flashback) The name might also have been a codename used by some aspects of Time Lord government to refer to the Doctor. (The Adventures of K9 series)

River Song used the written form "ΘΣ" to address a message to the Doctor. (DW: The Pandorica Opens)


 * "ΘΣ" was also a commonly-used abbreviation for "God" in Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. The capital letters Theta and Sigma together resemble the word "ΟΣ", (who), and some scribal variations in New Testament texts will have "ΟΣ" in a few passages while others have "ΘΣ" in the same passages.

d3∑x2
According to The Making of Doctor Who this was the Doctor's real name. This same inscription appears written in Old High Gallifreyan in the Tomb of Rassilon. (DW: The Five Doctors)

Merlin and Muldwych
This was, the Doctor believed, an alias used by a future and/or alternative Doctor residing in a magic-using parallel Earth. (DW: Battlefield) This was, apparently, a future incarnation of the Doctor who, at times, also used the name Muldwych. (NA: Happy Endings) Another account, however, says that another renegade Time Lord used the alias of Merlin. (ST: One Fateful Knight) The Doctor would later claim that he was named Merlin by King Arthur. (IDW: Fugitive)


 * For more on each individual, see Merlin and Muldwych.

First Incarnation

 * Doctor Foreman: While spending time in 1963 Earth to repair the TARDIS. (DW: An Unearthly Child).
 * Maximus Pettulian: While visiting the Roman Empire prior to the burning of Rome, the Doctor briefly impersonated a murdered lyre player named Maximus Pettulian in the court of Nero until his true identity was uncovered. (DW: The Romans)
 * Zeus: When the Greek warrior Achilles mistook the Doctor for Zeus posing as an old man, he went along with it, until the already unconvinced Agamemnon spoiled the Doctor's ruse. (DW: The Myth Makers)
 * Doctor Caligari: Name used by the Doctor when he arrived in Tombstone, Arizona, impersonating a magician. (DW: The Gunfighters)

Second Incarnation

 * Doctor von Wer: The German translation of 'Doctor [of] Who,' this name was briefly adopted by the Doctor during his visit to Scotland in 1745. He also signed a note Doctor W around this time. (DW: The Highlanders)

Fourth Incarnation

 * ?: The Doctor signed a document with a question mark prior to the Sontaran invasion of Gallifrey. (DW: The Invasion of Time) Later, the Doctor's seventh incarnation signed a document the same way during a visit to London in 1963. (DW: Remembrance of the Daleks)

Fifth Incarnation

 * The Supremo: For a year, the Doctor used the alias of "the Supremo" as leader of the alliance against the army of the evil renegade Time Lord, Morbius. Originally, his title was that of "Supreme Controller", but the Ogrons, which he chose as his personal praetorian guard, were unable to correctly pronounce it as such and shortened it to the simpler "Supremo". (PDA: Warmonger)


 * For an unrelated use of the term, see the Supremo.

Sixth Incarnation

 * Doktor of TARDIS: Pseudonym used by the Doctor to move discreetly around an alternate version of the city of Rome. (MA: State of Change)
 * Old One: A name given to him by Balazar in the underground complex on Ravolox. (DW: The Mysterious Planet)
 * The Sandman: (BFA: The Sandman)

Ninth Incarnation

 * The Oncoming Storm: A name the Doctor says that the "legends of Skaro" calls him whilst taunting the Daleks. (DW: The Parting of the Ways) The name is later used by Rose Tyler when the Tenth Doctor appears (apparently) drunk from a pre-revolutionary French party as follows: "Oh, here he is! The Oncoming Storm," to which the Doctor replies, "Oh, listen to you. You sound just like your mother." (DW: The Girl in the Fireplace) The Eleventh Doctor is also called by that name by the Dream Lord (DW: Amy's Choice) and refers to himself as such. (DW: The Lodger)

Tenth Incarnation

 * Doctor James McCrimmon: The Doctor briefly took the name Dr. James McCrimmon while visiting Scotland in 1879; this was the name of one of his old companions. Later, however, he dropped the alias and was knighted by Queen Victoria as "Sir Doctor of TARDIS". (DW: Tooth and Claw)
 * Sir Doctor of TARDIS: Aside from being knighted under this name, the Doctor also attempted to use the title when he encountered William Shakespeare, via the psychic paper, but Shakespeare's mind could not be swayed by the paper.(DW: The Shakespeare Code)
 * Doctor Vile: The Doctor briefly masqueraded as the space pirate Doctor Vile in order to stop a war. (DW: The Infinite Quest)
 * The Last of the Time Lords: A name he gave himself ever since the events of the Last Great Time War which wiped out all of the other Time Lords excluding The Master. The Dream Lord also referred to the Eleventh Doctor as such. (DW: Amy's Choice)
 * Doctor McCoy: After a discussion with Donna Noble, in which she compared the sonic screwdriver with Star Trek's tricorder, the Doctor adopted the alias Dr. McCoy (after Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy) when dealing with a group of soldiers (Donna called herself Captain Kirk, after James T. Kirk). The ruse fell apart when Donna was unable to maintain the pretense of being a captain. (NSA: Pest Control)
 * The name may also be a reference to Sylvester McCoy.


 * Spartacus: When visiting Pompeii in 79 A.D, the Doctor and Donna both used the alias 'Spartacus' (they had both said "I am Spartacus" in the manner of the 1960's Kirk Douglas epic Spartacus). (DW: The Fires of Pompeii)
 * Doctor Noble: When the Doctor and Donna Noble travelled to the Ood Sphere, he used the Alias Dr. Noble this led to people confusing the Doctor and Donna for a married couple. (DW: Planet of the Ood)
 * Spaceman: A nickname that this particular incarnation of the Doctor was given by Donna Noble, particularly when he did or said something that was "alien". (DW: Planet of the Ood, Journey's End)
 * The Time Lord Victorious: Deciding to alter history by rescuing Adelaide Brooke and two of her comrades from Bowie Base One on Mars in 2059, the Doctor became arrogant and egotistical, declaring that the laws of the Time Lords to prevent altering history no longer applied because he was the last, so he had total authority over time itself. (DW: The Waters of Mars)
 * Real-World Actors: - When visiting Hollywood in the early 20th century, the Doctor adopted a number of Hollywood-related names whilst attending a party. Within the space of a few minutes, he called himself "Tom Cruise," "Michael Caine," "Pee-Wee Herman," and "Tom Hanks." (IDW: Silver Scream)

Eleventh Incarnation

 * Dream Lord: The name given to the Doctor's dark side of his personality. (DW: Amy's Choice)
 * Captain Troy Handsome of International Rescue: An alias the Doctor used when confronting the Auto Pilot. (DW: The Lodger)
 * Sweetie : An affectionate nickname given to him by River Song. (DW: The Time of Angels, The Pandorica Opens)

Names given by others

 * The Doctor: While later accounts contradict this, Barbara Wright and Ian Chesterton seem to have (abet unintentionally) given him this title, after being informed that his alias of "Doctor Foreman" was not his real name and having been given no other alternative name by which to call him (DW: An Unearthly Child). The Doctor does not protest and, by the end of the sixties, starts introducing himself by this name.
 * Doctor Who: The name Doctor Who was applied to the Doctor, intentionally or unintentionally, on many occasions. The computer WOTAN once referred to the Doctor as Doctor Who, for reasons which have never been explained. (DW: The War Machines) Clive Finch also used this name when referring to the Doctor on his website Who is Doctor Who?. (DW: Rose) K9 was heard on occasion making playful remarks related to the Who name. (KAC: A Girl's Best Friend, SJA: Invasion of the Bane) It is unclear whether the Doctor himself ever actually used the name, although his third incarnation drove an automobile with the licence number "WHO 1" (DW: Doctor Who and the Silurians, et al) and not long before his regeneration was seen driving a futuristic vehicle that possibly apocryphal sources suggest may have been called the Whomobile. (DW: Invasion of the Dinosaurs) The Doctor wrote a series of children's books during his time with UNIT which were mistakenly published under this name. (BFA: The Kingmaker)
 * The name was often unintentionally invoked when characters wished to learn who the Doctor was and what his name was: "Doctor? Doctor who?"
 * See also: The "Doctor Who?" running joke.


 * Quiquaequod: Miss Hawthorne referred to the Doctor as "the great wizard Quiquaequod" while attempting to bluff the villagers of Devil's End into releasing him. (DW: The Dæmons)
 * "Qui", "quae" and "quod" were the masculine, feminine and neutral forms of "who" in Latin.


 * The Evil One: The Sevateem tribe referred to the Doctor as The Evil One, due to the fact that the supercomputer they worshipped had a split personality, one of which was based on that of the Doctor. (DW: The Face of Evil)
 * The Lonely Angel: This is was a name used by Madame de Pompadour after reading his mind and in her letter to him (DW: The Girl in the Fireplace)
 * Ka Faraq Gatri (other Dalek names): The Daleks referred to the Doctor as the Ka Faraq Gatri, which may mean Bringer of Darkness and/or Destroyer of Worlds. By implication, the name Destroyer of Worlds referred to the Doctor's destruction of the Dalek home planet Skaro in his seventh incarnation, an act for which he would consequently feel some remorse. (DW:Remembrance of the Daleks, NA: Timewyrm: Revelation) However, as early as his second incarnation, the Doctor knew that the Daleks had given him this name, and the Daleks used it prior to the destruction of Skaro. (DWM: Bringer of Darkness, DWN: Remembrance of the Daleks) The name was again used by Davros following his defeat during the Medusa Cascade incident. (DW: Journey's End)
 * The Dark Lord/The Threefold Man: Dalek Caan referred to the Doctor as "the Dark Lord" or "the Threefold Man" during the Medusa Cascade incident. (DW: The Stolen Earth/Journey's End)
 * The Oncoming Storm: The Daleks also referred to the Doctor as the Oncoming Storm in the myths of their homeworld, as noted by his ninth incarnation, indicating that the Daleks feared him. (DW: The Parting of the Ways) This was also the name given to him by the Draconians, ("Karshtakavaar" in Draconian) who were generally the Doctor's allies, to indicate the traumatic events which so often accompanied his arrival. (NA: Love and War) However the Doctor was also referred to by this name by the seers in Pompeii. (DW: The Fires of Pompeii)
 * Time's Champion: A title given to the Doctor to symbolise his service to Time during his seventh incarnation. (NA: Love and War)
 * The Traveller from Beyond Time: The name given to the Doctor by the Elders. (DW:  The Savages)
 * The Sandman: The Doctor's actions in the past of the Galyari led to his entering their race memory as a legendary monster called the Sandman. (BFA: The Sandman)
 * The Dark One/He Whose Name Dare Not Be Mentioned: Names given to the Sixth Doctor/the Valeyard in the legends of the Great Kingdom, an unstable alternate version of London created by botched summoning of the Great Old Ones. (MA: Millennial Rites)
 * Rides In Night: The Doctor was known to the Pawnee Nation by the name Rides In Night. He was also known as The Brother to Coyote. (NSA: Peacemaker)
 * John from Southampton: Craig Owens tried to convince the Doctor to use this alias when introducing himself to Craig's friends, fearing that calling him "the Doctor" would seem odd. The Doctor cheerfully ignored Craig's advice and introduced himself as "the Doctor," to no ill effect. (DWM: The Lodger)
 * Fireplace Man: Nickname bestowed upon the Doctor by Madame de Pompadour as a child after he began visiting her through her fireplace (actually a space/time portal). She continued to call him by this name up until she was 23. (DW: The Girl in the Fireplace)
 * Doctor Galloway: Edward Waterfield made up this name for the Doctor when arranging to meet him. (DW: The Evil of the Daleks)
 * The Watcher: The name given to an incarnation of the Doctor partway between his fourth and fifth incarnations, before they realised his true identity. The only individual heard to utter the name was Adric. (DW: Logopolis)
 * See The Watcher


 * Doctor Bowman/James Alistair Bowman: Dr. Grace Holloway invented this name for the Doctor whilst introducing him to others. (DW: Doctor Who) The Doctor subsequently used this alias on occasion, filling it out to James Alistair Bowman. (EDA: Seeing I)
 * The DoctorDonna: After saying the phrase "Doctor, Donna, friends" so many times as defense against a group of rabid Ood, the Ood collective adopted this name for the two of them. Ood Sigma promised that generations of Ood children would grow up on the Ood Sphere, singing the songs of "the DoctorDonna." (DW: Planet of the Ood)
 * This was a foreshadowing of Donna Noble becoming the half-human/half-Time Lord being known as DoctorDonna. (DW: Journey's End)


 * "A Wanderer, The Man Without a Home, The Lonely God": Novice Hame unknowingly and quite clearly referred to The Doctor indirectly whilst explaining the legend of the Face of Boe (DW: New Earth)
 * "Ceasar". A name given to The Doctor by a Roman Guard, under the influence of Hallucinogenic lipstick, in AD120 (DW: The Pandorica Opens)


 * "He Who Dances in Lonely Places": Name given by Dalek Caan during his ramblings in Journey's End.

Nicknames

 * Snail or Wormhole: Given to him by his cousins of the House of Lungbarrow, because, unlike Loomed Gallifreyans, he had a bellybutton. (NA: Lungbarrow)
 * Professor: Ace usually called the Doctor Professor as a term of endearment. She continued to use the term, even after he asked her not to use it anymore. (DW: Dragonfire)
 * Doc: On rare occasions individuals ((such as Peri Brown, Jack Harkness, Jimmy Stalkingwolf) referred to the Doctor as "Doc", usually earning a rebuke from the Doctor. (DW: The Twin Dilemma, The Doctor Dances, Dreamland, et al). Tegan Jovanka frustrated the First Doctor by addressing him as "Doc." (DW: The Five Doctors)
 * Mr. Conditional Clause: Given to him by Luke Rattigan when he was angered by the Doctor's tautology of the Atmospheric Omission System's name as he called it ATMOS System, The Doctor replied harshly to this saying, "No one's said no to you in a long time, have they?" (DW: The Sontaran Strategem)
 * Mr. Spock: Rose Tyler, annoyed with the Doctor not telling her his name, proceeds to introduce him to Captain Jack as Mr. Spock, after the character of the same name from Star Trek. Jack, not recognizing the reference, proceeded to address the Doctor as Mr. Spock until he was corrected. (DW: The Empty Child)
 * Dumbo: Donna Noble frequently called the Doctor Dumbo, when she was angry or teasing. (DW: The Runaway Bride, The Sontaran Strategem, et al)
 * Space Man: Donna Noble also often called the Doctor Space Man. (DW: The Runaway Bride, et al)
 * Sweetie: Nickname given to him by River Song. (DW: Silence in the Library / DW: The Time of Angels)
 * Pretty Boy: Another nickname given to him by River Song. (DW: Silence in the Library)
 * Gandalf: The Master bestowed this name upon the Doctor after the Doctor was rapidly aged. The name refers to the character Gandalf in the novels of J.R.R. Tolkien. (DW: Last of the Time Lords)
 * Maintenance Man of the Universe: A name the Doctor gave himself after fixing the lighting in Bowie Base 1 and Captain Adelaide Brook comparing him to a janitor. (DW: The Waters of Mars)
 * The Raggedy Doctor: A nickname given to the Eleventh Doctor by Amy Pond or possibly by her family. Other people in Leadworth had been told of him by Amy, and referred to him as such when they met him. The name is a reference to the fact that, when he met Amy, the Doctor was still dressed in the ragged clothes of his previous incarnation. (DW: The Eleventh Hour)
 * Veggie: A nickname given to the Doctor by the Dream Lord, referencing his failed vegetarianism. (DW: Amy's Choice)
 * Him With The Bow-Tie: A name given to the Doctor by the Dream Lord. (DW: Amy's Choice)
 * Intergalactic Wag A name given to him by the Dream Lord. (DW: Amy's Choice)