Death

Death was the cessation of life. The Ninth Doctor told Rose that "everything dies". (TV: The Parting of the Ways) Every single death caused a tiny fracture in reality. (TV: The Woman Who Lived) In 2011, three hundred thousand people died on Earth every day. (TV: The New World) Deaths were recorded by death certificates. (TV: Boom Town)

In the Dark Times of the universe, death was unknown to cosmos before the Kotturuh began their campaign, dispensing death to the early planets. (PROSE: The Guide to the Dark Times) During the period of Gallifreyan history in which they referred to themselves as "the Space Lords", they knew of this new concept as "the Ultimate". (COMIC: Monstrous Beauty) When the Tenth Doctor found himself warring against the Kotturuh on Andalia, he used a sample of their genetic material to reverse-engineer their necrotic retro-virus and turn it against them, causing the Kotturuh to quickly wither away. (PROSE: The Knight, The Fool and The Dead) Along with the Ninth Doctor, the Tenth Doctor would later ponder if he had actually changed time but noted that the demise of the Kotturuh meant that death would now spread naturally and dispassionately across the universe. (PROSE: All Flesh is Grass)

The Eternal, Death, was a personification of the concept. (PROSE: Timewyrm: Revelation) Kali was the Hindu goddess of death. (COMIC: The Swords of Kali) On Earth, and later human colonies, the skull was a generalised symbol of death, and the idea took this form as an emoji: 💀. (TV: Smile)

When discussing the idea of a "planet ruled by zombies", the Fourth Doctor remembered the quote that "the living are just the dead on vacation." (TV: Destiny of the Daleks) Voicing her observations on the human lifespan, which she found "hilarious[ly]" short, stated that human beings were born dying, remarking "You know from the minute you slop out, you're rotting, decaying." (TV: Death in Heaven)

As Arboretans existed partly outside of time, when one died, their consciousness travelled back to their birth and they lived their life over again, trying to fix mistakes they had made until they achieved the best life possible. They called this "the path of perfection". (PROSE: Festival of Death)

In 2011, for several months following the Miracle Day, every human on Earth simply stopped dying. It was caused when the Three Families fed the immortal Jack Harkness' blood into the Blessing, which in turn relayed the template to everyone on the planet in seconds. Death was restored when Jack's mortal blood was fed into the Blessing and the original template was restored. All across the world, those who were unable to die yet should have died, including Geraint Cooper and a little girl, all took one final collective breath before dying. For them, the return of mortality was a mercy for them. In the case of others, like the Mother and the Cousin who were responsible for the whole thing, it came back with a vengeance. (TV: The New World, The Blood Line)

In the final stages of mental shutdown, when physical shutdown would commence, brainsteam death was a sign closely followed by complete respiratory collapse. Soon, liver failure and renal collapse would signal general systemic failure, leading to death within an hour. (PROSE: Anachrophobia)

The Ashtallans, a race of immortals gifted with prodigious healing, had no concept of death until they met the First Doctor and his companions. (AUDIO: The Invention of Death)

Death and the Doctor
Clive Finch warned Rose Tyler that the Doctor had one constant companion: death. (TV: Rose) Indeed, several of the Doctor's adventures resulted in the deaths of all who participated except for him and his companions. Among these were the Fourth Doctor and Leela's conflict with a Rutan scout at Fang Rock, (TV: Horror of Fang Rock) the Fifth Doctor, Peri and Erimem's conflict with Jarra To at the Axis, (AUDIO: The Axis of Insanity) their later visit to YT45, (AUDIO: The Mind's Eye) the Sixth Doctor and Frobisher's visit to Eugene's World, (AUDIO: The Holy Terror) the Seventh Doctor, Ace and Hex's conflict against the Daleks on Bliss, (AUDIO: Enemy of the Daleks) the Ninth Doctor, Rose Tyler and Jack Harkness in the Battle of the Game Station, (TV: The Parting of the Ways) the Eleventh Doctor, Amy Pond and River Song's conflict against the Weeping Angels on Alfava Metraxis (TV: Flesh and Stone) and the Eleventh Doctor, Amy Pond and Rory Williams' visit to House's bubble universe. (TV: The Doctor's Wife) In one unusual case, the participants all died after the Doctor departed, (AUDIO: Brotherhood of the Daleks) and in another, they all died before he arrived. (COMIC: Death to the Doctor!) On one planet, the Fourth Doctor suspected that his friends the Guardian Angels had all died, but left without confirming this. (COMIC: End of the Line)

In other cases, the Doctor's adventures resulted in the deaths of all but a few of the participants. These included the Second Doctor, Polly and Ben's conflict against the Daleks on Vulcan, which only Quinn and Valmar survived, (TV: The Power of the Daleks) the Fourth Doctor and Sarah Jane Smith's conflict against Sutekh in 1911, which only Ahmed survived, though another account said he did not, (TV: Pyramids of Mars) the Fifth Doctor's visit to Sharnax, which only Kylo survived, (AUDIO: The Burning Prince) the Fifth Doctor, Tegan and Turlough's conflict against the Silurians and Sea Devils in 2084, which only Bulic survived, (TV: Warriors of the Deep) the Fifth Doctor, Tegan and Turlough's encounter with the Daleks, which only Davros, Lytton and his two policemen survived, (TV: Resurrection of the Daleks) the Fifth Doctor and Peri's visit to Androzani Minor, which only Timmin survived, (TV: The Caves of Androzani) the Sixth Doctor and Peri's conflict against the Sontarans in Spain, which only Anita survived, (TV: The Two Doctors) the Sixth Doctor and Peri's visit to Necros, which only Takis and Lilt survived, (TV: Revelation of the Daleks) the Seventh Doctor and Mel's visit to Puxatornee, which only the Slithergees survived, (AUDIO: Flip-Flop) the Seventh Doctor and Ace's conflict against the Gods of Ragnarok on Segonax, which only Kingpin, Mags and a stallslady survived, (TV: The Greatest Show in the Galaxy) the Seventh Doctor and Bernice Summerfield's visit to the Althosian system, which only Kopyion Liall a Mahajetsu and William Blake survived, (PROSE: The Pit) the Seventh Doctor, Ace and Hex's conflict against the Cybermen in 2021, which only Mark Mathias survived, (AUDIO: The Harvest) the Eighth Doctor, Charley and C'rizz's visit to the Cube, which only Gorden Latch and the brain-worm survived, (AUDIO: Something Inside) the Eighth Doctor and Lucie Miller's conflict against the Zygons, which only Haygoth survived, (AUDIO: The Zygon Who Fell to Earth) their later conflict with the Molluscari on Orbis, which only the Headhunter survived, (AUDIO: Orbis) the Tenth Doctor and Donna Noble's conflict against the Pyroviles in Pompeii, which only Caecilius, Metella, Evelina and Quintus survived, (TV: The Fires of Pompeii) the Tenth Doctor's conflict against the Flood on Mars, which only Mia Bennett and Yuri Kerenski survived (TV: The Waters of Mars), the Twelfth Doctor and Clara Oswald's conflict with the sandmen on Le Verrier, which only Jagganth Daiki-Nagata survived, (TV: Sleep No More) and the Thirteenth Doctor's journey to Orphan 55 with Yaz, Ryan and Graham in which only Nevi and Sylas escaped. (TV: Orphan 55)

When pressed by Brian Williams, the Eleventh Doctor admitted that some of his companions had died during the course of his adventures but noted that this was a small number. (TV: The Power of Three)

Jack Harkness
In an alternate timeline, Captain Jack Harkness was shot dead by a cyber-converted Rose Tyler while in the company of the Ninth Doctor. (COMIC: Supremacy of the Cybermen)

In the year 200,100, Jack was exterminated by the Daleks invading the Game Station. Shortly after, however, he was revived by the Bad Wolf entity, who made him immortal. (TV: The Parting of the Ways) As a result, Jack died and was resurrected many times. (TV: Utopia) In 200,101, Jack was forced to interact with live cables to safely land Trear Station on Earth, electrocuting him. Reviving, Jack reasoned that the universe "like[d]" him. (AUDIO: The Year After I Died)

Using a vortex manipulator to travel to Earth, ending up in 1868, Jack did not realise he was immortal until 1892, when he woke up after a man shot him through the heart in Ellis Island. Over a period of at least a century Jack waited for the Doctor. Before reuniting with the TARDIS in 2008, Jack had died by falling off a cliff, being trampled by horses, World War I, World War II, poison, starvation and a stray javelin. (TV: Utopia)

Shortly after meeting Gwen Cooper, Jack was shot in the head by Suzie Costello. In a matter of seconds, Jack revived with his head wound healing. (TV: Everything Changes) Confronting the partially cyber-converted Lisa Hallett, Jack was, in quick succession, fatally electrocuted by her twice, noting that he was not so easily "deleted". (TV: Cyberwoman)

While attempting to stop his teammates from using the Rift Manipulator, Jack was shot in the head by Owen Harper. Though he revived soon after, Jack was still physically weakened as he faced Abaddon, a giant demon who fed on life that was rampaging through Cardiff, killing all in his shadow. Jack, noting that he would be an "all you can eat buffet" for Abaddon, stepped into his shadow. In what proved to be a painful process for Jack, his excess life energy eventually killed the demon before Jack perished as well. His body was taken back to the Hub, where Owen found no vital signs, deeming him "ice cold". However, after a few days, Jack revived once again. (TV: End of Days)

Aboard the Valiant, Jack was shot dead by the laser screwdriver wielded by who, aware that Jack was immortal, gleefully noted that he could kill him again. (TV: The Sound of Drums) Throughout the Year That Never Was, Jack was held prisoner aboard the Valiant. By the end of the year, Jack made an escape attempt which resulted in him being shot dead by the Valiant's security personnel. (TV: Last of the Time Lords)

Shortly following the Year That Never Was, Jack reunited with Captain John Hart, who threw him off a building to his death. It was only after Jack returned to the Hub that John realised he was now immortal. (TV: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang) Later, Jack was killed by Death. (TV: Dead Man Walking)

Between his first encounter with Torchwood and his reunion with Gray, Jack had died a total of 1,392 times. (TV: Fragments) In the Hub, Jack was fatally shot by John Hart, who restrained him before he could revive. John, who had been coerced by Gray, took Jack back to 27 AD, where he was buried alive in the soil of Cardiff, as his brother made his intentions clear. (TV: Exit Wounds) "I want you to suffer. I want your life. This is Cardiff, 27 AD. The city will be built here, over the next two thousand years. Your grave will be the city's foundations. Your blessing of life becomes a curse. Each time you revive, with a throat full of earth, each time it chokes you afresh, and you thrash on the edge of death, you think of me."

- Gray.

Eventually, Jack was uncovered by Torchwood Cardiff members Alice Guppy and Charles Gaskell in 1901, at a point in time where his past self was working for them. Avoiding interacting with his earlier self, Jack instructed them to freeze him in the morgue for 107 years. (TV: Exit Wounds)

During the 21st century Dalek invasion, Jack was exterminated by the Supreme Dalek aboard the Crucible, discretely reviving in seconds. (TV: The Stolen Earth)

At St Helen's Hospital, Jack was shot dead by Rupesh Patanjali on behalf of the British government, whom intended to destroy Torchwood. Reviving, Jack returned to the Hub, unaware that a bomb had been planted within him. By chance, Jack discovered this as the bomb was exposed by the scanner which confirmed Gwen's pregnancy. With a blast radius of one mile and only two minutes before detonation, Jack remained behind as he ordered Gwen and Ianto Jones to leave before the bomb went off, blowing Jack's body apart and destroying the Hub. (TV: Children of Earth: Day One)

During the Gallipoli campaign, Jack was shot dead by Ata, then again by Ottoman forces when they recovered Ata. (AUDIO: What Have I Done?)

In an alternate timeline created by John Hart, he used distilled rift energy with technology from the Torchwood Institute to cut Jack off from the Time Vortex, nullifying his immortality and transfering it to himself. Jack, however, remained a fixed point in time and, after 130 years, died of old age which resulted in John's universe collapsing in on itself. (AUDIO: The Death of Captain Jack)

Behind the scenes

 * As of 2021, Resurrection of the Daleks has the highest on-screen body count of any televised Doctor Who story, with 76 deaths.