Ganger

The Gangers, their name a shortened form of the term 'doppelgängers', were a clone race created by humans from the Flesh, typically controlled by their templates via specially-designed harnesses. This allowed humans to work in hostile environments without risk to themselves, as the Gangers could be easily recreated and any damage they sustained would not be felt by the real human as the nerve endings automatically shut down.

History
The Ganger process was developed some time during the 22nd century, and was in use at many facilities. It was believed that there were ten million Gangers in India alone.

Those working with Gangers talked of an incident at the Isle of Sheppey, in which a Ganger was electrocuted, resulting in the Ganger gaining sentience and horrifically killing its operator. A similar event occured when a solar storm struck an acid mining factory using Gangers. The active Gangers gained independent thought and motion, being implanted with the memories of their templates and becoming increasingly fixated on the possibility of making their own lives. This possibility became a reality for the Ganger of Jimmy after the death of his predecesor.

Although Miranda Cleaves and the Ganger of Dicken fought for Gangers' rights, the technology was still used on people such as Amy Pond, to create duplicates without their knowledge. (DW: The Rebel Flesh/The Almost People) A Ganger of Melody Pond was also created to fool Amy and the Doctor. (DW: A Good Man Goes to War)