Time


 * For the entity of the same name, see Time (Eternal).

Time is fundamental physical quantity, measuring the duration of events and the intervals between them. It can be seen as part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events happen in sequence. Space-time vessels like TARDISes can travel along this dimension in the same way that ordinary space vessels can travel along the other dimensions.

Explanations of time
Philosophers and scientists among Humans and many other species struggled to define and explain time, but only the Time Lords have achieved a full understanding.

The simplest definition of time is an operational one: pick a standard cyclical event, and define time as a count of the cycles. However, as an operational definition, this does nothing to explain what time actually is.

Isaac Newton was the first Human scientist to attempt to fully explain time as a dimension, similar to the dimensions of space. Later scientists, culminating in Albert Einstein in the 20th century, were able to show how the dimensions of space and time could be unified into a single continuum, called spacetime.

Some Human philosophers and scientists disagreed, but the Time Lords subscribed to this explanation as well &mdash; although, as Susan Foreman indicated, they knew that there were actually five dimensions of spacetime, not four. 

Structure of time
At a lower level, time was quantized, like a force, which the Master (in the guise of "Professor Thascales") described as made up of particles known as chronons. 

Chronons, like other particles, could be detected and interfered with. (VG: City of the Daleks)

While the Weeping Angels were able to feed on the potential energy gained by displacing people into the past, even they could not feed on raw time energy. Such energy, leaking out of cracks in the structure of the universe, absorbed an army of Angels at the crash of the Byzantium, completely removing them from history. The Doctor suspected that the CyberKing walking over Victorian London ( and the Daleks invading Earth in 2009 had been similarly erased, and later saw Rory Williams absorbed by time energy.

Artron energy was also in some way connected with time, in a way that was possibly too complicated for Time Lords to fully explain to humans. (, etc.)

Time travel
A more important difference between the Einsteinian view of time and the correct view held by the Time Lords concerned time travel.

Einstein's theory of general relativity described a fixed spacetime that cannot be changed. While time travel is possible, it can only involve loops that in a sense have always existed, and anything that someone does in his own past has already happened.

In the actual universe, spacetime was not fixed. New connections between different points in spacetime could be created, such as time windows created by warp drives, time storms created by Fenric , or the cracks in the skin of the universe, which suddenly appeared at various times and places in the universe after a temporal explosion.

Furthermore, travel from any point to another was possible by passing through the Time Vortex, by using a vehicle such as a TARDIS or DARDIS (, etc.) or a device such as a vortex manipulator (,, etc.), by creating a wormhole such as a time corridor (, etc.), or even through direct psychic teleportation.

While other races eventually learned to travel through time (such as the Daleks, and the Humans with their 51st century Time Agency), only the Time Lords attained full mastery over Time in all its aspects.

History
The Doctor laboured in an effort to explain to Humans how time is misunderstood and never strictly linear, that it is made up of "wibbly-wobbly, timey-wimey... stuff." (DW: Blink)

Traveling into the past allowed changing the future. As the Doctor put it, "Time can shift. Time can change. Time can be rewritten." 

However, erasing events from history did not always automatically change the future. Time travelers were able to remember the "original" timeline, unless the erasure directly affected their life , in which case they had to make extraordinary effort to do so. Blocking chronons (e.g., with a TARDIS or a special-built device) could prevent objects from vanishing even though they no longer had a past. (VG: City of the Daleks) In a similar way, a paradox machine could be built (e.g., from a cannibalized TARDIS) to allow time paradoxes to persist without effect. 

In a universe with time travel and a malleable spacetime, there would be no fundamental stable meta-structure to history. However, the Time Lords imposed one, which they called the Web of Time, which connected the fragmentary nodes of history into a single whole. (🇧🇫) This Web required maintenance, as when the Doctor explained that the destruction of Earth in 1985 would disrupt the Web. The Enemy attempted to impose a rival meta-structure (FP: The Book of the War), and the Daleks may have attempted to do the same during the Last Great Time War, using their own Eye of Harmony. (🇧🇫)

Even in the post-Gallifrey universe, some events were fixed points &mdash; they must happen. One example was the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius at Pompeii. (BFA: The Fires of Vulcan, DW: The Fires of Pompeii) Changing fixed-point events required highly advanced technology, and doing so could cause major damage to the continuum. (VG: City of the Daleks)

Other moments were in flux, allowing minor changes to history. Some events even allowed dramatic changes in history, especially after the demise of the Time Lords in the Last Great Time War. An example of this occurred in 2020, when a drilling operation in Cardiff altered the future of the Earth by bringing humanity into contact with the Silurians, which could have led to either a peaceful relationship or a devastating war. The Doctor described these events as opportunities. 

Parallel universes and alternate timelines
At historical choice points, the timeline naturally diverged, creating two parallel universes. (, etc.) These parallel universes could be reached through the Time Vortex before the Last Great Time War, but in the post-Gallifrey universe this became much more difficult, and dangerous to the structure of spacetime. 

Changing history by time travel, in a way inconsistent with the meta-structure of spacetime, would create an alternate timeline, which had a similar effect. Historically, the Time Lords would alter history to prevent these alterations from having ever happened, negating the alternate timeline in all but the memories of time travelers who participated in them. (, Timewyrm: Exodus, etc.) In the post-Gallifrey universe, the Doctor and others often acted on their own to do the same. (,, etc.)

Personification
Like other cosmic principles, time is embodied by an Eternal, named Time, who chose the Doctor as her champion. (Happy Endings)