Buddhism

Buddhism was an Earth religion whose adherents followed the teachings of Buddha.

Buddhists believed in reincarnation, specifically that they will be reborn over and over again until they are free from suffering and obtain Nirvana. The Eighth Doctor's companion Charley Pollard described this belief as being "very pagan." (AUDIO: The Natural History of Fear)

People
King Ashoka of Magadha converted to Buddhism and spread it throughout Asia. (PROSE: Dharmayuddha)

Marco Polo had a great deal of respect for Buddhist monks. At the Khan's court, he once saw Buddhist monks make cups of wine fly to the Khan's lips. In part because of this experience, Polo told Ian that they alone would have the wisdom to open and use the TARDIS, which he transported overland from the Roof of the World to Cathay. (TV: "The Roof of the World")

K'anpo Rimpoche became the abbot of a Buddhist meditation centre in England, and then later helped the Third Doctor regenerate. (TV: Planet of the Spiders)

As a result of his experiences in UNIT, like the one with K'anpo Rimpoche, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart adopted Zen Buddhist practices. These helped him resist Vardan mind control as well as giving him a new perspective upon the Doctor and his role in the cosmic order (that is, as a Bodhisattva of Justice and Compassion). (PROSE: No Future, The Shadows of Avalon) Cousin Dysgenia was told that Zen Buddhism was actually an elaborate joke, the punchline to which was only visible from a specific spatiotemporal location. (PROSE: A Story of the Peace)

The Dalai Lama was an important Buddhist religious figure. (AUDIO: The Natural History of Fear)

Places
The Cave of the Thousand Buddhas was located close to Tun-Huang, and was famous enough that both Marco Polo and Barbara Wright, two Europeans separated by both geography and time, knew of it. (TV: "Five Hundred Eyes")

The Det-Sen in Tibet was Buddhist monastery. (TV: The Abominable Snowmen)

Objects and iconography
Among the prizes that the First Doctor obtained during a game of backgammon against Kublai Khan in the 1289 was the sacred tooth of Buddha which Marco Polo had brought from India. (TV: "Assassin at Peking")