Title sequence

A title sequence is that part of a programme which typically gives the series title, theme music, and serial or episode name. It may also provide the names of the principal actors involved, as well as that of the writer.

Doctor Who
Historically, the title sequence has been of great interest to Doctor Who fans, especially when it has been overhauled, as at the beginning of a new actor's tenure as the Doctor, or simply when a producer decided to do so. Changes to the title sequence can be rigorously scrutinised by fans, who may be interested in such minutiae as the font used in the title cards or even relatively minor variations in the theme music.

The 1963 - 1967 version of the programme titles did not feature an image of The Doctor, but from 1967-1989 the title sequence included a shot of the current Doctor's head floating either through space or the time vortex. However, the presence of the head — or in the case of Season 11, the body — of the Doctor during the Troughton, Pertwee and Tom Baker eras rendered the title sequences more abstract. John Nathan-Turner's radical redesign of the title sequence completely eliminated the time vortex, and replaced it with a representation of space that was never seen in that way within the body of episodes — mainly because the visual effect of space was far more expensive than the production team could afford on a weekly basis.

By contrast, the title sequences used during the Hartnell era, the McGann telemovie, and the whole of the BBC Wales era, were not abstractions, but showed the time vortex in a way that was used within the body of stories themselves. (TV: An Unearthly Child, Doctor Who, Utopia, The Pandorica Opens, Hide).

The 1996 TV movie eliminated the use of the Doctor's face in the title sequence (although it did use an extreme close-up of the Master's eyes instead), instead introducing the practice of crediting the lead actors over the opening theme -- something that was never done in the 1963-89 series. This same general format was retained when Doctor Who returned to television in 2005, although some fans bemoaned the loss of the Doctor's face from the sequence and created their own for video sharing services such as YouTube. However, the 2012 Christmas Special, The Snowmen, introduced a new title sequence which the Doctor's face was integrated into. The current title sequence which was introduced in Deep Breath also includes the Doctor's face, although it mainly focuses on the eyes.

1963-67
(An Unearthly Child - The Moonbase, The Day of the Doctor )

The first title sequence consisted of a simple "howlround" effect over the stark original arrangement of the Doctor Who theme. The logo was mixed into the image in such a way that the title momentarily looks like DOCTOR OWO or DOCTOR QHO. The logo then moves into the distance as the sequence cross-fades into the first scene of the episode. The title and writer of the episode is superimposed over this scene, except The War Machines and The Tenth Planet experimented with specialised title cards for the episodes. The original title sequence was filmed by Bernard Lodge, Hugh Sheppard and Norman Taylor.

46 years after its last use in The Moonbase, this title sequence was used to open the 50th anniversary special, The Day of the Doctor. The title sequence was modified to fit a 16:9 aspect ratio, and the BBC logo was added under "WHO". Also, the first scene begins immediately after the words form; after a few moments, they break apart; this effect is not seen in the 1963-67 version.

1967-69
(The Macra Terror - The War Games)

A more active howlround effect is employed in the second title sequence. This is the first to truly illustrate the time vortex effect. The Doctor's face is now incorporated into the sequence: a closeup of a smiling Patrick Troughton which breaks apart to reveal a redesigned logo. Like its predecessor, it moves towards the back of the image. For the most part, the howlround effect continued as the episode title, episode number and writer appeared superimposed over the image, though some stories such as The War Games placed the titles over specialised footage. A modified arrangement of the Doctor Who Theme accompanied this version, except on Macra Terror where, due to an error, the 1963 arrangement of the theme was used.

1970-73
(Spearhead from Space - The Green Death)

A shift to colour production and a change to a new Doctor resulted in a new title sequence being commissioned. Although similar to the 1967-69 version, only now given a red hue, a more tunnel-like howlround is employed. Now, instead of moving away from the camera, the logo is stationary, but it changes colour. The episode title and the name of writer are stationary as well, except for during the title sequences of The Ambassadors of Death and  Spearhead from Space, in which the title goes towards the screen. A new image of Jon Pertwee replaced that of Troughton. Some variants were attempted during the 1970 season: The Ambassadors of Death experimented with interrupting the title sequence with a scene from the episode, while Inferno employed a one-off use of volcano footage as the backdrop to the episode title and writer credit. Otherwise, from here on in, the episode title and writer and episode number would be consistently featured as part of the opening titles. In 1972 a revision was made, incorporating animation of the Doctor moving his hands over his head and a revised version of the theme music. This version was never officially employed, but did accidentally go out on an international print of Carnival of Monsters. One modification to the theme that became permanent was the use of a melodic sting (a repeating musical phrase) that gave the opening sequence a definite conclusion; before it simply cross faded into the first scene of the episode; the "middle eight" section of the theme, occasionally heard during the 1963-69 openings, was no longer included due to the sting.

1973-1974
(The Time Warrior - Planet of the Spiders)

Bernard Lodge created a new version of the title sequence for Pertwee's final season. A slit-screen effect was used to render stars shooting through space and the sequence begins with a close-up of Pertwee's face which pulls back to reveal a full-length image of the actor. He then becomes an outline, which shows the time vortex, heading towards the camera and completely vanishing. The show's iconic diamond logo was introduced with this version.

1974-1980
(Robot - The Horns of Nimon/Shada)

The sequence was similar to its predecessor, it opens with an image of the TARDIS going through the vortex; the TARDIS becomes an outline as it draws closer to the screen, showing the Time Vortex. A close up of Tom Baker's face appears, fading away to show the time vortex. Used for six seasons, this version of the opening was used longer than any title sequence to date. It is also the first opening sequence to have the TARDIS in it. This would not happen again until the Seventh Doctor Era.

For the first part of Tom Baker's second serial (The Ark in Space), the sequence colour was changed from blue to orange, pink, and brown tones. However, all later episodes reverted to Tom Baker's first sequence.

1980-1984
(The Leisure Hive - The Caves of Androzani)

John Nathan-Turner commissioned a radical reimagining of the title sequence in 1980. Delia Derbyshire's arrangement of the Doctor Who theme was retired and a new Peter Howell rendition was introduced. The diamond logo was retired for a neon-tube-styled branding. To go with these new elements, Lodge's howlround and slit screen were also retired and a new starfield influenced by Star Wars was introduced. A new image of Tom Baker forms out of the stars in this version, the face moving towards the camera.

The same title sequence was used in the Peter Davison era, except with Davison's face used now instead of Baker's and extra stars filled the right side of shape. In addition a "venetian blinds" effect is added to introduce Davison's image. The reason behind the new "venetian blind" effect was because, unlike Baker, Davison had a more normal hair style, thus the shape the stars would form is less interesting.

1984-1986
(The Twin Dilemma - The Ultimate Foe)

On the foundation of the starfield from the 1980-84 sequence, a new one was constructed. Prism effects added colour to the image, and the logo was modified slightly to have a curved appearance as well as the added colour. For the first time, animation was added to the Doctor's image in an official title sequence; he now went from a sombre expression to a smile. According to commentary on the DVD release of The Twin Dilemma, this sequence was produced so it had subtle differences from episode to episode. The Howell version of the Doctor Who theme was replaced by a new version by Dominic Glynn for the 1986 season, but the title sequence remained unchanged.

This title sequence is currently the last to not include the TARDIS.

1987-89
(Time and the Rani - Survival)

For new Doctor Sylvester McCoy, a completely new title sequence was commissioned. Now computer animated, it begins with an explosion, which turns into stars that surround a galaxy. Three rocks then fall into the galaxy, in rhythm with the theme. The TARDIS, inside a sphere of blue energy, rotates into the galaxy, vanishing just as a spiral of blue energy swirls inside the galaxy. The Doctor's face then appears. For reasons unknown, McCoy was covered with gold/silver makeup for the photo session, which now has three expressions for the Doctor (sombre, then a wink, then a smile). The series title (the logo once again redesigned) now appears at the very end of the sequence. It forms with the letters "W", "H" and "O" floating in space until they form the word "WHO", with the word "DOCTOR" appearing in cursive afterwards. The episode title and writer now appear on screen at the same time as the logo. The episode number, in a return to the old style, is now superimposed over the first scene of the episode. The 1993 special mini-episode Dimensions in Time used a shorter version of this sequence with a new rendition of the theme; the Doctor's face is not featured in this version and the part with the galaxy was horizontally reversed.

1996
(Doctor Who)

An extended opening sequence opened the TV movie, commencing with a view of Skaro and a sequence showing the Master being executed by the Daleks (with Paul McGann, as the Eighth Doctor, narrating). A close-up of the Master's eyes follows. At this point a new, slower rendition of the theme kicks in. Beginning with the "middle eight" this time, the sequence shows the Doctor Who logo (based upon the one used from 1970 to 1973) flying through space. The camera follows it from behind for a while before it disappears and, in a time vortex-like sequence, the names of the lead actors appear on screen (a first for the TV franchise, with both McGann and McCoy receiving screen credit, although McCoy is billed fourth), after which the TARDIS is shown heading towards Earth.

Of all the title sequences, this one was the shortest lived, lasting only 1 episode.

2005-2010
(Rose - The End of Time)

The revival of Doctor Who in 2005 saw the introduction of many new elements, including a new horizontal logo (the better to capitalise on widescreen production) and a new theme arrangement by Murray Gold. A fully CG-realised time vortex is featured in this much faster-paced opening. It begins with the viewer hurtling down the tunnel, only to find the TARDIS coming up it towards the screen. It briefly pauses and rotates in the foreground, before hurtling down another part of the vortex as the lead actors' names appear, followed by the series logo. The episode title and writer credits follow as the sequence leads into the first scene of the episode. In the revival, additional production credits (producer, director, and occasionally guest stars) play out over the opening scenes as well, US-style.

Several modifications were made to the sequence, including minor colour changes in late 2005 which were removed a year later, minor cosmetic alterations to the logo in 2006, a new Gold arrangement of the theme introduced in 2007, and a more detailed TARDIS model in 2009. The actor credits changed as needed, with the credits for The Stolen Earth and Journey's End featuring a large number of actor names. An animated variant, featuring the same time vortex image but with a cartoon TARDIS, was created for the animated storylines produced during the Tennant era.

2010-2012
(The Eleventh Hour - The Angels Take Manhattan) A new logo, a new theme arrangement (again by Gold), a new production regime and a new Doctor resulted in a reinvention of the opening credits. Although still a time vortex, now the design resembles a storm cloud, with lightning effects accompanying the names that appear on screen after the initial appearance of the TARDIS. After the names appear, the TARDIS appears from the background, becomes the "DW" element of the series logo. It reforms as the TARDIS and flies around the vortex as the episode title and writer credit appear on screen. A slight modification to the logo is evident in the version broadcast beginning in 2011. It now incorporates the BBC logo. Occasionally a longer version of the opening, showing the vortex from a distance as the camera moves towards it, has been seen, as in the 2011 mini-episode Space. The version aired with A Good Man Goes to War includes a unique variant in the sound mix as the TARDIS sound is heard.

For Series 7, the title sequence was changed. The font for the lead actors has been changed and unlike previously where the names zoomed in past the camera, the text now evaporates. The Doctor Who logo has also changed, where it receives a texture that changes to reflect an element of the following episode (e.g.: in the first episode, it had a look similar to that of the side of a Dalek). The TARDIS logo also appears after the "Doctor Who" logo disappears, where it eventually turns into the real TARDIS travelling through the time vortex. The font used to introduce the title of the episode has also been changed, and rather than just covering the bottom of the screen, it is now centralised; the lettering is also now smaller and simple, making it harder to read the episode title if written in black. The time vortex itself in its blue state has also been given a yellow tint while the TARDIS windows emanate brighter light and the sharpness of the picture has been lessened, giving it a dream-like appearance. The red vortex has gotten darker and darker with each episode, turning from crimson to purple in The Power of Three. It was grey with pink flashes in its last appearance, The Angels Take Manhattan; it also took a green tone as well.

2012-2013
(The Snowmen - The Time of the Doctor)

For The Snowmen, debuting on Christmas Day 2012, a brand new title sequence was created, more illustrious compared to any other version since the show's 2005 revival. It is reminiscent of several of the Classic Series' titles, most notably the Sylvester McCoy opening of the late 1980s. It was used for the remainder of the Eleventh Doctor era.

The sequence begins with TARDIS filling the entire screen; it spins away, gas parting to reveal a background of galaxies and nebulae. A shower of explosions from below knock the TARDIS off course, sending it spinning abruptly away to the left. The camera trails after, spinning passed several planets and supernovae, before emerging into a dark and clear sector of empty space, allowing the cast names to pass by (in the same style, typeface and animation as was featured in Series 7 Part 1; however, instead of "evaporating", the text disperses into particles). A swirling gassy nebula resembling the Eleventh Doctor's face flickers into view - in a similar fashion, or at least a heavy nod, to many of the title sequences between 1966 and 1989 - before dissolving into darkness and then evaporating completely.

The unique version of the Doctor Who logo then forms (the 'DW' section now removed from the logo entirely), before dispersing into some form of crackling red energy. At last, the new Time Vortex is revealed - this time depicted as colourful streams of flowing energy, pouring out of a sparkling white light which remains at the centre of the screen until the end of the sequence. The title of the episode appears, along with the name of the author, as the TARDIS spins back towards the screen, the doors opening and enticing the audience into the episode itself.

The closing credits use the the vortex that appears toward the end of this intro sequence as a background, as the end credits scroll upward in the same white font as the intro, similar to the previous version.

According to The Official Guide to the 2013 Series (Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition), the revised title sequence was a late addition to The Snowmen, which was originally intended to be the first full-length Doctor Who episode to not have an opening titles sequence.

In Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS, the screen shakes a little at the beginning, similar to how the TARDIS is shaking in the preceding scene.

When used in shorts, the title sequence took on a darker theme (The Night of the Doctor, Clara and the TARDIS, et al) The titles essentially display the reverse atmosphere of the energetic and inviting bright red vortex- sombre and foreboding. It begins with the Smith-era version of the TARDIS spinning through space into a midnight blue Time Vortex with purple accents, with streams of energy flowing out of a dark indigo centre. When used in Night, A credit zooms in reading Paul McGann's name, with a white glow around the letters. It flies off screen and the title for the episode flies into view. A writer credit, "by Steven Moffat", fades in below the episode title. The text then shoots forward out of view and the mini-episode begins. This serves as the Eighth Doctor's second title sequence. Chronologically, it is also his final title sequence.

Of the revived series title sequences, this one was the shortest lived, lasting only 10 episodes.

2014-present
(Deep Breath - Present)

Deep Breath saw the debut of a new title sequence originally designed by Billy Hanshaw, after executive producer Steven Moffat discovered a popular video of the graphic artist's conceptual Doctor Who title sequence on YouTube. Moffat, delighted with how new and innovative Hanshaw's ideas were, got in touch with him to create a professional version of his sequence for the actual series.

The title sequence fades in and out if there is a time gap between the cold opening and the rest of the episode. When it fades in, the camera starts a small distance away from the tunnel of gears, passing a few by themselves before entering the tunnel.

The new titles open with a vast expanse of golden-bronze clock gears whizzing by in an empty space, bronze and gaseous in appearance. Exiting the tunnel of clock gears, a spark of light reveals a tunnel of Roman numeral clock face numbers spiralling into a rather literal depiction of a time vortex with glowing engravings of circular Gallifreyan. The TARDIS passes through this vortex - about halfway through the sequence - and pans across the screen in a way very similar to the 2005-2010 title sequence, and then launches into the vortex on the right. The actors names then appear as the tunnel gradually unwinds, and fades away as it passes a group of planets circling around the screen.

Peter Capaldi's piercing eyes are shown, rather than a full insert of the actor's face, hearkening back to the iconic shot of his eyes from The Day of the Doctor. The Doctor Who logo then forms, and zooms into the screen. From the middle right, the TARDIS spins back towards the screen, where it stops momentarily. It then resumes spinning, exiting to the left side of the screen, revealing the episode title and writer. The end credits use this vortex as a background.

Starting with The Magician's Apprentice, the clock gears, the gas and the first clock face tunnel have a purple hue.

This sequence received many one-off modifications during its usage. In Death in Heaven, the Doctor's appearance was replaced with that of Clara Oswald (Jenna Coleman) and her credit placed before his to reflect her ruse to the Cybermen that she was the Doctor. In Heaven Sent, Capaldi's name is held on the screen longer - as he is the only actor credited in the title sequence.

When this title sequence was used in Christmas episodes, a wintry feel was given to the title sequence. In Last Christmas, the first unwinding clock is icy/frosty and the TARDIS is covered in snow. Snowflakes appear in the second Time Vortex and the special guest credit for Nick Frost as Santa Claus is delayed until the sequence is nearly complete. The Husbands of River Song carried a similar title sequence to the previous year; however, it was more elaborate in the Christmas theme. The title sequence began and ended with a flurry of snow racing from the side of the screen. Snow flowed through the tunnel of gears, which were icy blue while retaining the yellow flashing lights. When the unwinding clock appeared, a snow-covered TARDIS emerged and flew down the second. The frostiness of the tunnel slowly faded. The planets flying past were now ornaments, which were reflective and flew slower. The names of the actors and the show's title appeared from a mass of snow flakes. The TARDIS, still covered in snow, appeared at the end as usual.

In The Return of Doctor Mysterio, the title sequence is significantly less elaborate in its Christmas theme than the previous year; the clock gears, the gas and the first unwinding clock face have a blue hue and the TARDIS is covered in snow, but the rest of the sequence is as normal.

2015 (one-off)
(Sleep No More)

The title sequence introduced in Deep Breath was temporarily ditched for a silent title card, which was used to to fit with the "found footage" theme of the episode. This title card features the names of the characters and locations from Sleep No More alongside randomly picked numbers. The words 'Doctor Who' can be seen spelled vertically through the names of other characters. The title of the episode is not seen in this title card, and instead appears during the closing credits, including the writer, Mark Gatiss and director, Justin Molotnikov.

K9 and Company
This title sequence start with green blueprints of K9 and consisted of repeated footage of K9 and Sarah Jane Smith. Elisabeth Sladen receives her screen credit over footage of her character, rather than over a photo as was the case with the Doctors. The title sequence is also unique for incorporating K9's voice into the theme music, making it the first franchise theme to have "lyrics", and until Class in 2016, the only one.

P.R.O.B.E.
to be added

Torchwood
This short intro started with the word Torchwood on the wall of the Torchwood hub and consisted of red lines and the red-coloured word Torchwood in various shapes, sizes, fonts and order on a black background and ended with simply the word Torchwood in the middle. Meanwhile, the actor credits appeared quickly and subtly in the background. The episode and writer credits appear superimposed over the opening scenes of the episode.

For the 2009 miniseries Children of Earth no title sequence was used other than a very brief reference to the theme music, and the Torchwood: Children of Earth logo appearing black letters on white background. The actor and writer credits play out over the opening scenes of the episode.

2011's Torchwood: Miracle Day, the fourth series of Torchwood, had its title sequence completely reinvented for this series. It consists of a plain white background with a thin red electrocardiogram line travelling from the left of the screen to the right of the screen. The actor names (John Barrowman, Eve Myles, Mekhi Phifer, Alexa Havins, Kai Owen & Bill Pullman) then appear onscreen in bold black letters as each new red lines moves across the screen. Once the names finish displaying, the red heart rate lines become faster as they change angle and move into the background, whilst this happens the word 'Torchwood' moves onto the screen from the right and centres itself as the red lines slow down. Another small red line then travels across the bottom of the screen and the words 'Miracle Day' appear below the Torchwood logo in bold red letters. The theme music for this title sequence is a slowed down, quiet arrangement of the original Torchwood opening theme music, and has extra beeping noises along with hospital sound effects in the background.

The Sarah Jane Adventures
This title bore some resemblance to the 2005-2010 Doctor Who titles, but with letters instead of the Time Vortex effect. Elisabeth Sladen is the only cast member to be credited in the opening and the only actor in the franchise to receive a "Starring..." credit. The sequence remained unchanged during the five series that aired on CBBC.

K9
This title had a science theme, starting with graphics of a DNA double helix and the structure of an atom. It then has graphics of K9 Mark 2 being rebuilt from the parts of K9 Mark I.

Class
to be added