Transduction barrier

Transduction barriers were protective shields surrounding Gallifrey and the Time Lords. These barriers could also be raised around Time Lord space stations, and TARDISes were normally unable to pass through them. (AUDIO: Trial of the Valeyard)

It took the disciples of Omega four generations to install the barriers, which were powered by the Eye of Harmony. They kept Gallifrey slightly out of phase with the rest of the universe, protecting the world from invasion by expelling anything foreign to Gallifrey, normally destroying the invasive force. There were at least five levels of intensity to the barrier. (AUDIO: Renaissance)

Breaches
The Doctor's TARDIS was able to slip through the transduction barrier when the First Doctor stole it; he theorised that this was because the ship was deregistered. (AUDIO: The Beginning)

The barrier was deactivated on the orders of the Fourth Doctor. This allowed the Vardans and Sontarans to invade Gallifrey. (TV: The Invasion of Time)

One TARDIS did break through, but had to jettison nine tenths of its interior, and most of its circuits fused while its recall circuit burned away, leaving only the telepathic circuits functioning. (AUDIO: Prisoners of Fate)

A squad of Daleks which infiltrated Gallifrey lowered the transduction barrier, allowing them access to Gallifrey to invade. (AUDIO: The Apocalypse Element)

The Time Lord's vault on Tersurus was protected by an outdated transduction barrier which the Master was able to break through using Goth's TARDIS. Before the barrier could be updated and the break-in retroactively undone, the Master killed the vault operators. (AUDIO: Dominion)

The Eighth Doctor breached the transduction barriers to land the TARDIS outside Madame President Romana II's presidential palace. (WC: Shada) The War Doctor did it again during the Last Great Time War to catch the Time Lords' attention about his return to his home planet. (PROSE: Engines of War)

Other information
Anti-time was unable to pass through the transduction barriers. (AUDIO: Neverland)

Bennus noted that none of Gallifrey's defences, including the transduction barrier, would be able to withstand the impact of the Thousand Worlds which the Daleks planned to forcibly crash into Gallifrey at fifty times the speed of light. (AUDIO: The Heart of the Battle)

Alternate timeline
In an alternate timeline, the Knights of Velyshaa breached the barrier and invaded Gallifrey. (AUDIO: The Sirens of Time)