Gallifreyan physiology

Gallifreyans, despite being outwardly indistinguishable from humans, had a variety of biological differences that set them apart.


 * Most of the known information on Gallifreyans is based on Time Lords, particularly the Doctor. It has been unclear for some time if the terms "Gallifreyan" and "Time Lord" are interchangeable, or if "Time Lord/Lady" is a specific rank within the society, possibly with some specialised abilities. Consequently, the following articles may have some inaccuracies due to these biases.

Taxonomy
The Gallifreyans were classified by humans as Dominus temporis. (NSA: The Last Dodo) Despite appearances, the Gallifreyans were more related to Terileptils than Humans. (DW: The Visitation) The Doctor also once stated that he was "not an ape" (DW: Cold Blood) and that they did not evolve from apes. (DW: The Doctor's Daughter).


 * He may also simply have meant that he was not human, as the Silurians to which he was speaking referred to humans as "apes".

External appearance
Externally, Gallifreyans were identical to humans, though they tended to have a mostly Eurasian appearance. Hair and eye colour were of any colour found among humans. (NSA: The Last Dodo) Teeth were indistinguishable from human teeth. (DW: The Gunfighters)


 * The Doctor, especially his Seventh incarnation, appeared to have uncertain eye colours. Whether this was an actual ability of the Gallifreyans to change their eye colours or simply due to others' perception is unknown. (NA: Blood Heat, Legacy)

Resilience
Gallifreyans were, on the whole, extremely tough and resilient. An average Gallifreyan was superior to a human at their peak. (DWN: Doctor Who and the Terror of the Autons)

Gallifreyans could survive falls (and probably many other physical stresses) which would shatter the bones of humans. (DW: The End of Time) Gallifreyans could survive extreme cold (DW: The Tomb of the Cybermen, The Seeds of Doom, The Ribos Operation, 42, The Infinite Quest, Planet of the Ood) and extreme heat (DW: The End of the World). They could even survive the subzero temperatures and extremely low pressure of vacuum for around 6 minutes (DW: Four to Doomsday), as well as electric shocks that would be fatal to humans (DW: Genesis of the Daleks, Terror of the Zygons, World War Three, Evolution of the Daleks, The Vampires of Venice, The Pandorica Opens). Röntgen radiation affected Gallifreyans so minimally that Gallifreyan children were routinely given radioactive toys in the nursery. They could, at will, absorb very high doses of Röntgen radiation, transform it into a form harmless to humans, and expel it from their bodies. (DW: Smith and Jones) Radiation of other kinds could be fatal, but even then a Gallifreyan could hold out for a while after receiving these lethal doses. (DW: Planet of the Spiders, The End of Time)

Gallifreyans needed less sleep than humans, and could make do with as little as an hour. (DW: The Talons of Weng-Chiang, DWN: The Highlanders)

A severely-injured Gallifreyan would generally slip into a healing coma, and devote all his or her energy to healing the injury. While in the coma, they would appear to be dead. (DW: Inferno, Planet of the Daleks, The Doctor's Daughter)

Even without regeneration, Gallifreyans had considerable lifespans. Within one regeneration, Gallifreyans could live for hundreds of years, yet look much younger than a human of equivalent age. (DW: The Leisure Hive) However, Gallifreyan children and teenagers grew at about the same rate as humans of the same age. (DW: An Unearthly Child, The Sound of Drums) After this point, ageing would slow, with the Gallifreyan looking like a teenager for decades. (EDA: Legacy of the Daleks)

Gallifreyans could be disabled by a blow to the left shoulder, which possessed a vulnerable nerve cluster. (NA: Set Piece)

Senses
Gallifreyans had all the senses possessed by humans, and to generally superior degrees. Gallifreyans also had extraordinary reflexes and precision timing, literally superhuman. (DWN: Doctor Who and the Terror of the Autons, DW: The End of the World, The Doctor's Daughter) Gallifreyans also showed great hand-eye coordination and dexterity with a wide variety of tool and weapons. (DW: The Android Invasion, DW: Human Nature, DW: The Pirate Planet) Gallifreyans (at least, of younger bodies) were, consequently, very physically able. The Third Doctor was a martial arts master, the Fifth Doctor (much like, latently, the Tenth) was a skilled cricketer, and the Eleventh Doctor discovered a natural talent for football. (DW: The Lodger)


 * Sight: Gallifreyan eyes were better at seeing in the dark and could gather and enhance available light. (NA: Lucifer Rising) They were capable of noticing even small objects or details from distances of at least twenty feet away (DW: The Eleventh Hour) as well as people that were quite a distance away. (DW: The Hungry Earth)
 * Hearing: The Doctor exhibited Gallifreyan hearing by perceiving sounds from the TARDIS, while located several sections away, aboard the airship Valiant. (DW: The Sound of Drums)
 * Taste: Using taste, the Doctor was able to identify the blood type of a sample. (DW: The Christmas Invasion, NA: Bad Therapy) He was also able to identify types of wood (DW: Tooth and Claw) and of metal. (DW: The Idiot's Lantern) The Doctor was also able to tell how much a shed had aged via taste. (DW: The Eleventh Hour) He was also able to determine the chemical and mineral composition of blue grass by tasting it. (DW: The Hungry Earth)
 * Smell: The Gallifreyan sense of smell was equal to their sense of taste. (NSA: Wishing Well) They could do a chemical analysis of the air using their sense of smell. (DWN: Doctor Who and the Carnival of Monsters) On some occasions Time lords were also able to judge what time period and location they were in by the smell of the air (WC:Scream of the Shalka, DW: The Unicorn and the Wasp) Gallifreyans were capable of locating one another over great distances through "smell". (DW: The End of Time)
 * Proprioception: Gallifreyans were better at coping with sudden changes in position than humans and were harder to disorient. (NSA: The Forever Trap)

As well as the senses shared with humans, Gallifreyans had further senses, with at least an undefined Sixth Sense. (NSA: Wishing Well) Gallifreyans had time- and spatial-related senses and physical attributes; they were able to resist fields of slow time (DW: The Time Monster), notice distortions and jumps in time (DW: Invasion of the Dinosaurs), directly perceive the interstellar motions of cosmological bodies or their inhabitants (DW: Rose), and perceive all possible timelines (DW: The Parting of the Ways, The Fires of Pompeii). Gallifreyans were also able to sense the presence of others of their own species, with the sense being specific enough to allow identification of one another just by sight, regardless of potential recent regeneration. (DW: The Sound of Drums)

Body temperature
Gallifreyans had an internal body temperature of about 60 degrees Fahrenheit (16 degrees Celsius). (REF: Doctor Who: The Visual Dictionary) While recovering from a serious injury, it could drop spontaneously to below-freezing temperatures. (DW: Planet of the Daleks)


 * Oddly, no humans pointed out the differences in temperatures by touch. This might mean that this was a core temperature, whereas their skin temperature was closer to those of a human.

The Brain
The Time Lord brain was much larger and more complex than the human brain. The size differences effectively ruled out brain transplants from a Gallifreyan to a human. (DW: The Brain of Morbius) They had a highly advanced form of photographic memory, able to recall every detail of even the most insignificant moments in time. (DW: The Eleventh Hour) The Timewyrm noticed that on a quantum level, the Doctor's brain could receive information from possible futures, possibly without even realizing it consciously. (NA: Timewyrm: Revelation) Time Lords could also separate the hemispheres of their brain, allowing them to multitask easily. (PDA: Island of Death)

Time Lords had an additional brain lobe dedicated to mechanical and other bodily functions, freeing up the other lobes for intellectual endeavours. (BFA: Spare Parts)

Time Lords displayed the ability of touch-enabled mental manipulation; this has manifested itself in a number of different ways, including hypnosis (DW: Terror of the Autons, The Ribos Operation), mind-reading (DW: The Girl in the Fireplace), thought sharing (DW: The End of Time), the ability to relieve dementia (at least externally caused dementia) (DW: The Shakespeare Code), mental influnceing others dreams (DW:The Eleventh Hour) and memory erasure (DW: Journey's End). They were also capable of quickly transferring knowledge to another person by headbutting them. (DW: The Lodger)

The Gallifreyans were telepathically linked to one another and were even capable of joining the entire Time Lord intelligence as one. (DW: The Invisible Enemy) They also held telepathic conversations over distances, but this is implied to have been more difficult. (DW: The Sensorites, The Three Doctors, The Pirate Planet) They could also converse with each over the astral plane, although this ability required intense concentration, and for someone to interrupt would result in possibly fatal consequences for the Time Lord in question. (DW: The Two Doctors) Their telepathy also extended to less intelligent animals. (DW: The Lodger) In ancient times, Gallifreyans who were capable of blocking out the telepathic thoughts of other Gallifreyans were called Individuals. These usually had red-gold hair and often went on to become An Hero. (NA: Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible)

Time Lords were vulnerable to powerful hypnosis, such as the Morpho employed or the Great Vampires. (DW: The Keys of Marinus, State of Decay) However other forms of mind control they were more resiliant if not immune to. (DW: The War Machines, The Green Death)

Skeletal structure
Gallifreyan skeletal structure was identical to human skeletal structure, with the exception of the rib cage: Gallifreyans had 26 ribs, two more than humans. (NA: Blood Heat)

Circulatory system
Gallifreyan blood was different in composition from human blood, as well as darker in colour and with a slight orange tinge to it. (DW: The Two Doctors, NA: The Left-Handed Hummingbird) The differences were readily apparent under a microscope. (DW: Spearhead from Space, The Invisible Enemy, Doctor Who) It was highly adaptive, with regenerative properties. (NSA: The Art of Destruction) It didn't have the same A and B types as human blood (i.e., the A and B antibodies were not present), the extra-cellular matrix was incompatible with Earth-based life and the structure of haemoglobin was different. (NSA: The Art of Destruction, DW: The Invisible Enemy, EDA: Placebo Effect)

Binary Vascular system
Gallifreyans naturally born before the time of Rassilon and Pythia had two hearts (NA: Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible, Lungbarrow).

Oldblood Gallifreyans Loomed after the Pythia's curse of sterility emerged with a single heart and gained their second only after their first regeneration. (MA: The Man in the Velvet Mask) Those of Newblood houses sprang from the Looms with two hearts from the outset. (NA: Christmas on a Rational Planet)
 * However this may be inconsistent with the television series; when one of his hearts is stopped the Doctor wonders aloud how humans can cope with just one heart and Jenny is formed with two hearts.

A Gallifreyan could survive with only one heart, should the other be punctured or destroyed, though he or she would be weakened greatly. (MA: Managra, EDA: The Adventuress of Henrietta Street, DW:The Shakespeare Code) Even if all the blood were removed from one cardiovascular system, the Gallifreyan could still survive. A Gallifreyan in total cardiac arrest would need CPR on both hearts. (DW: Smith and Jones) Regeneration would become impossible if both hearts were burnt out simultaneously. (DW: Forest of the Dead)

Gallifreyans could, with training, gain conscious control over their hearts, enabling them to stop their hearts and feign death, (DW: Destiny of the Daleks) and could slow them down significantly (DW: Terror of the Zygons, NSA: Wishing Well). A dual cardiovascular system being more efficient, Gallifreyans had a resting pulse of as few as 10 beats per minute. (DW: Spearhead from Space) Under stress, the hearts' rate could seem dangerously fast and irregular to human doctors. (DW: Doctor Who: The Movie) Two pulses could be detected in the wrist. (DW: The Five Doctors, Time and the Rani)

Respiratory system
In order to use their two hearts, Gallifryans had an advanced respiratory system. Instead of large lungs, they had a series of pulmonary tubes parallel to the lymphatic system. This made them positively buoyant, allowing them to swim with ease. (PDA: Island of Death) They could also survive longer without much oxygen, past the point where a Human would be unconscious. (DW: The Ark in Space, The Two Doctors, Smith and Jones, NA: Legacy) Despite this, Gallifreyans (especially frailer individuals) could be affected by altitude sickness. (DWN: Marco Polo)

Like most aspects of Gallifreyan physiology, the respiratory system was largely under conscious control. Gallifreyans could, at will, enter a trance state which reduced the need for oxygen. (DW: Terror of the Zygons, Four to Doomsday) Gallifreyans also had a respiratory bypass system, which allowed them to survive strangulation. (DW: Pyramids of Mars, NA: Human Nature)

Gallifreyans were immune to the effect of helium gas, which could make human voices sound high-pitched and squeaky (though this is implied to be a learned technique rather than an innate ability). (DW: The Robots of Death)

Other Organs
The Gallifreyans had two livers. (EDA: Halflife) They also had several organs which had no analogue in humans. (EDA: Placebo Effect)

Biochemistry
On the whole, Gallifreyan biochemistry seems to have been quite similar to human biochemistry: they could eat anything humans could and could breathe in the atmosphere of Earth. (NA: The Left-Handed Hummingbird)

Gallifreyan biochemistry, like many other aspects of Gallifreyan physiology, was subject to the conscious control of the individual. For example, a Gallifreyan was able to counteract the negative properties of Psilocybin by modifying the chemicals into something harmless, though the techniques were not foolproof and drug overdoses were still possible. (NA: The Left-Handed Hummingbird) Similarly, though Gallifreyans were susceptible to the intoxicating effects of alcohol, they could easily shrug off the effects when they needed to. (PDA: The Quantum Archangel, DW: The Girl in the Fireplace) As with humans, however, excessive consumption could produce a hangover. (BBCR: Slipback) Ginger beer would also reduce their ability to tolerate alcohol. (BFA: The Kingmaker)

Some Human medicines seem to have worked on Gallifreyans as well as humans: some sleep-inducing drugs or toxic gases, for example. (DW: The Brain of Morbius) Anaesthetic gases of the type commonly administered before surgery, however, did not work well on Gallifreyans; a much greater quantity of anaesthetic must be administered, and even then it may not work completely. (DW: Doctor Who) Aspirin was toxic to Gallifreyans; a single dose could kill one. (DW: The Mind of Evil, NA: The Left-Handed Hummingbird) It was said to either fatally stop platelet aggregation (BFA: The Condemned) or interfere with the hormone receptor intermediaries (EDA: The Taking of Planet 5). Death could be prevented with the ingestion of chocolate. (BFA: The Condemned)

Other sleep-inducing drugs, although effective, due to a Gallifreyans resilience, the effects would take roughly twice as long as with humans, even if the Time Lord in question took double the dosage that the humans had. (DW: The Androids of Tara)

Gallifreyans were as susceptible as humans to the devastating effect of spectrox poisoning; spectrox toxaemia proceeded at roughly the same rate in both species, though a Gallifreyan, being tougher, would not succumb as quickly. (DW: The Caves of Androzani) They could counteract cyanide poisoning, given a number of ingredients including ginger beer, salt, protein and a physical or mental shock, but only if done very soon after the cyanide is ingested. (DW: The Unicorn and the Wasp)

During a decontamination attempt by Silurians intended for humans, the Eleventh Doctor claimed that removing the germs would remove half of the things keeping him alive, suggesting further differences. (DW: Cold Blood)