Marco Polo (TV story)

Marco Polo was the fourth serial in the first season of Doctor Who. This was the first occasion in which a famous person from history appears; two in fact.

This story also saw the TARDIS act as a plot piece rather than something the travellers must return to once they have finished their adventuring. Marco Polo also saw the first use of a swordfight in a cliffhanger.

During production, William Hartnell took time off from his work. This meant that his non-appearance had to be filled in. In this case, the Doctor is sulking in his tent. Such breaks would become common throughout Doctor Who's production.

Marco Polo did a much better job of recreating historical societies than other serials as it showed a mixed-ethic group rather than a stereotypical collection of one race. This story also saw the first use of a one of companion in the form of Ping-Cho. Reference is made to real world narcotics when Ping-Cho relates a fairytale that is unashamedly about hashish. Such blatant references don't rear again until The Talons of Weng-Chiang.

In an almost unique way for the original 1963 series, this story has a narrator in Mark Eden who reads aloud while the map of the travellers' journey is shown.

It is perhaps most notable as the earliest and longest Doctor Who story which is completely missing, with its first episode, "The Roof of the World", being the earliest-broadcast episode to be missing.

Synopsis
The TARDIS lands in Central Asia in 1289, where the First Doctor and his companions fall in with Marco Polo as his caravan makes its way along the fabled Silk Road from the Pamir Plateau, across the treacherous Gobi Desert and past the fantastic Cave of Five Hundred Eyes to end up in Peking at the height of its imperial power.

Along the way they face many dangers, from natural hazards to assassination attempts from a Mongol warlord. The Doctor strikes up a friendship with Kublai Khan in his summer palace, before eventually departing again in the TARDIS, which has been carried with them across thousands of miles.

The Roof of the World (1)
The TARDIS crew have arrived in the snowy wastes of the mountainous Pamirs, and the ship is damaged and unable to produce light, heat or water. The Doctor, Ian, Barbara and Susan face the prospect of freezing to death as night approaches and the temperatures plummet.

Ian and Barbara go out into the tundra to look for fuel but Barbara sees a figure in the snow and they hurry back to the TARDIS. Meanwhile, the Doctor has discovered what is wrong with the TARDIS but is interupted by Ian and Barbara's return. The creature follows them back and appears at the TARDIS door. The foursome chase after it but are soon surronded by Mongol soldiers who are on the verge of killing them for being evil spirits when a Western man, who turns out to be Marco Polo, interrupts them.

Polo welcomes the Doctor, who is suffering from altitude sickness, and his companions to his company and introduces some of his fellow travellers including Tegana, a Mongol warlord. Tegana is an emissary of peace from the Khan Noghai who has been at war with Kublai Khan. A young Chinese woman named Ping-Cho is also travelling with Polo so that she may meet her 75-year old groom in her arranged marriage. Ping-Cho forms a strong friendship with Susan.

The Mongols fear the Doctor is an evil sorceror who is powerless while outside of the TARDIS and so Marco Polo forbids him from entering it until their party has made a stop in a town at the edge of the desert where Polo says the Doctor will be able to fix his vessel.

When the caravan stops at the way station in Lop, Marco Polo tells the Doctor that he is requisitioning his "flying caravan" as a prize for the Emperor to attempt to buy his way out of his service.

Meanwhile, the lord Tegana purchases a poison to use on the caravan's water supply as it ventures on into the Gobi Desert.

The Singing Sands (2)
The travellers make their way across the Gobi Desert. The Doctor, in a show of petulance, refuses to come out of his tent when they settle for the night, distressing Susan. One night when Ian and Marco Polo are playing chess, Susan vents her frustration at the fact that they are stuck on Earth rather than exploring the stars. This spirit for exploring provokes Ping-Cho and Susan to follow Tegana as they see him walk off into the night. A vicious sandstorm, during which Ping-Cho and Susan are briefly lost, prevents Tegana implementing his plan to poison the gourds. Instead he slices open the gourds during the night knowing full well that bandits would get the blame.

Marco Polo insists the caravan presses on to the next stop, but the water rations get fewer and fewer as the days pass by and eventually Tegana is dispatched to find a fabled oasis. The Mongol finds the oasis easily, but does not return with water to the caravan as promised.

Five Hundred Eyes (3)
With the water supply now completely exhausted, the situation becomes ever more desperate. The travellers only survive the arid conditions when the Doctor and Susan are able to collect water from the TARDIS which formed as condensation on the walls during the night.

The caravan moves on to the next way-station at Tun-Huang where stocks are replenished and they meet an incredulous Tegana, who rejoins their caravan. Ping-Cho makes their stay pleasant with the tale of Ala-eddin (Aladdin) and the Hashashin (or assassins).

Tegana slips away during the performance and makes his way to the Cave of Five Hundred Eyes, where he is told by the Mongol agents Malik and Acomat that Noghai is assembling an army and marching toward Karakorum. Tegana tells Acomat, a bandit, to attack the caravan soon and kill Marco Polo and the others. Their plans, however, have been partially overheard by Barbara, who followed Tegana to the cave, though she does not realise the extent of Tegana's involvement. She is found and then kept prisoner by Malik while Tegana returns to the caravan, feigning surprise when her disappearance is discovered.

The Doctor deduces that Barbara may be at the cave and heads there accompanied by Susan and Ping-Cho. Susan cries out in fear when she see a pair of 'painted' eyes moving!

The Wall of Lies (4)
Marco, Ian and Tegana arrive at the cave after being tipped off by Chenchu. Anxious that his plans will be exposed when the search party find Barbara and Malik behind a fake wall in the cave, Tegana kills his ally to cover his tracks.

When the party returns to the caravan, Tegana tries another tactic and attempts to make Marco suspicious by telling him that Susan has an unhealthy hold over Ping-Cho, and that the Doctor has a second key to gain entry to the TARDIS. This is countered when Barbara states that she was only in danger as she followed Tegana to the cave, but Tegana flatly denies ever having been there before. Marco stamps his authority on the caravan by separating Ping-Cho and Susan, making both of them ever more suspicious of Tegana. At the next way station Tegana's plans are further bolstered when he proves to Marco that the Doctor has a second key to the TARDIS by getting Polo to witness the Doctor leaving the ship. Polo seizes the key and tries to go in but the Doctor warns him that the ship will be destroyed if an unauthourised person enters it. He is taken away and held under guard.

The caravan now catches sight of the Great Wall of China and the journey heads South to Lan-Chow along the banks of the Yellow River. At the next town of Sinju Tegana meets with the evil Acomat and tells him to attack the caravan two nights later as they journey through the bamboo forest. The guards of the caravan are to be killed along with everyone else. Acomat goes to wait in the jungle for Tegana's signal to attack.

In an endeavour to escape from Polo, Ian cuts through the tent and avoids the guard. His plan is to knock the guard out and allow the others to escape; however, when he reaches the front of the tent, he discovers that the guard is already dead.

Rider from Shang-Tu (5)
Unwilling to leave Polo and his party to their fate, Ian decides to alert them to the oncoming danger. He wakes Polo, who goes on to wake Tegana, and they begin to arm themselves. Ian decides that it would be best to frighten the attacking bandits off by throwing bamboo into the fire which explodes noisily. When the bandits attack, Acomat is slain by Tegana as he is on the point of exposing him. This causes the other bandits to flee in fear. In thanks for their help defeating the bandit attack, Marco Polo allows Susan and Ping-Cho to share company once more as well as allow the others to walk freely again.

The Doctor and his companions have meanwhile worked out that Tegana is the source of many of the journey's troubles, but cannot make Marco Polo realise how dangerous he is. A new traveller now arrives at the caravan, a message rider named Ling-Tau, who has travelled from Shang-Tu (300 miles away) in just 24-hours. He tells that this is done by changing horses every three miles. He bears a message commanding the caravan to speed up, and so Marco commands that once they reach the city of Cheng-Ting the travellers should all take to horseback to speed up their journey while the TARDIS and the other belongings are brought on later. As ever, Tegana has another plot at the next way station. He meets an ally called Kuiju and bribes him to try to steal the TARDIS when the convoy is split up, and take it to Karakorum, where Noghai's troops are massing.

Ping-Cho knows where Marco has hidden the two keys to the TARDIS and gives one to Susan to help the time travellers escape. Later that night the Doctor and his companions sneak out in order to return to the TARDIS and escape, but Susan returns to say goodbye to Ping-Cho and is accosted by Tegana.

Mighty Kublai Khan (6)
Ian leaves the TARDIS to convince Tegana to free Susan. Tegana orders the others out of the TARDIS and only frees Susan when the Doctor returns the TARDIS key back to Polo. Ian takes the blame on himself for stealing the TARDIS key so as to save Ping-Cho. As the journey enters its final phases Ian attempts to ingratiate himself to Marco Polo once more by telling him the truth about the TARDIS. Marco does not believe that the TARDIS can move through time and says he knows Ian to be a liar as he has deduced that Ian did not steal the key and that it was Ping-Cho after all. Ping-Cho hears this and, fearing detection flees the caravan. On her discovery both Tegana and Ian offer to go looking for her. Polo says that Ian should go as when they meet Kublai Khan, Tegana should be there. Ian finds her back at Cheng-Ting, having ridden there alone, which is just as well as while there he uncovers the fact that Kuiju has stolen the TARDIS from the second convoy. Back with Polo, Susan and Barbara foolishly confronts Polo, saying that they believe Ping-Cho should not marry a man so far senior to her. This provokes Polo to send Tegana after Ian to ensure he is not trying to liberate Ping-Cho and make off with the TARDIS. Eventually Polo's party arrive at Kublai Khan's palace. The Doctor initially shows belligerence towards Khan but they soon bond over their great ages and the maladies that ensue from that. Before Khan and the Doctor go off together, Khan tells Polo that soldiers are swelling around their borders, so that it would appear that Tegana's information has been incorrect; Khan awaits the great warrior's return. When Ian and Ping-Cho find the bandit on the road to Karakorum, they force him to admit the truth, but then Tegana arrives and threatens to kill Ping-Cho.

Assassin at Peking (7)
The stand-off between Ian and Tegana is broken when Ling Tau and a band of soldiers arrive. They kill Kuiju, but once more Tegana talks his way out of a tight situation and the entire party agrees to ride on to the imperial palace in Peking. During the stand-off, expecting Ian and Ping-Cho to be killed, Tegana pledges his allegiance to Noghi.

Meanwhile at the capital city, the Khan engages the Doctor in a game of backgammon. The Doctor wins 35 elephants, 4000 white stallions, 25 tigers, the sacred tooth of the Buddha and the entire commerce of Burma for a year - but wages all this on the liberation of his TARDIS and loses. The Khan presses Marco for the history of the "magic caravan" and the emissary admits he was wrong to try and obtain the vehicle, but only did it to try and buy his freedom. The Khan is not impressed, and warns Marco that if he does not regain his trust somehow then he will be banished from court.

When Tegana returns to court he further convinces Khan that Polo has been working against what is believed to be the laws of the land by not confiscating the TARDIS and slaying The Doctor and his companions when they tried to steal it back. Ian and Ping-Cho tell Khan that Tegana stated that he is working for Noghi and is not sure whether to believe them. He says it must be judged in a matter of the court.

Nevertheless, events take a turn for the better for another. Ping-Cho is spared a loveless marriage when the elderly man she was due to marry passes away after drinking an elixir of life. She is content to make eyes at Ling Tau, with whom she has formed an attachment. Something that Polo picks up on and encourages.

The Doctor and his companions, now imprisoned, decide that someone has to stop Tegana as, they believe, he is going to kill Khan so as to create an easy victory for Noghi's army. They attack their guard and break free. They meet Polo and tell him of their theory. Polo immediatly runs to the throne room.

Tegana has slain Khan's guards and is moving in for the kill when the Doctor and his allies arrive and is prevented in his actions with a lengthly sword fight between Polo and himself. His mission failed, Tegana takes his own life rather than be killed by Khan's men. In the ensuing melee, Marco Polo gives the Doctor and his party the key to the TARDIS and bids them escape. The "magic caravan" fades away before the eyes of the Khan and his courtiers. As a final act, the Khan forgives Marco Polo and agrees he can return to Venice.

Cast

 * The Doctor - William Hartnell
 * Ian Chesterton - William Russell
 * Barbara Wright - Jacqueline Hill
 * Susan Foreman - Carole Ann Ford
 * Marco Polo - Mark Eden
 * Tegana - Derren Nesbitt
 * Ping-Cho - Zienia Merton
 * Kublai Khan - Martin Miller
 * Chenchu - Jimmy Gardner
 * Man at Lop - Leslie Bates
 * Mongol Bandit - Michael Guest
 * Malik - Charles Wade
 * Acomat - Philip Voss
 * Ling-Tau - Paul Carson
 * Wang-Lo - Gabor Baraker
 * Kuiju - Tutte Lemkow
 * Empress - Claire Davenport
 * Vizier - Peter Lawrence
 * Office Foreman - Basil Tang
 * Yeng - O. Ikeda

Uncredited cast

 * Marco Polo's Writing Hand - John Woodcock
 * Mongol Extras - Leslie Bates, Gordon Bremworth, David Brewster, Ronald Chee, Stanley Chee, Clem Choy, Elton Fing-On, Arnold Lee, John Lee, Philip Lee, Valentino Musetti, Carlton Ngui, Arman Tokyo, Roy Vincente, Santos Wong
 * Extras - David Anderson, Bill Brandon, Robert Chow, Harry Dillon, Kay Fong, Michael Guest, Maung Hlashwe, Irene Ho, Lloyd Lam, Boon Wan Lee, Violet Leon, LL Lim, Henry Loy, Iris Loy, Suk Hee S'Hng, WA Scully, Zohra Sehgal, Peggy Sirr, Suchin, Doreen Tang, Aman Tokyo, Ying Wiu

Crew

 * Writer - John Lucarotti
 * Director - Waris Hussein, John Crockett
 * Producer - Verity Lambert
 * Script Editor - David Whitaker
 * Designer - Barry Newbury
 * Assistant Floor Manager - Catherine Childs
 * Associate Producer - Douglas Camfield,
 * Costumes - Daphne Dare
 * Film Editor - Richard Barclay, Elmer Davies and John House
 * Incidental Music - Tristram Cary
 * Make-Up - Ann Ferriggi
 * Production Assistant - Douglas Camfield, Penny Joy
 * Special Sounds - Brian Hodgson
 * Studio Lighting - John Treays, Howard King
 * Studio Sound - Jack Brummitt, Hugh Barker, Derek Miller-Timmins
 * Theme Arrangement - Delia Derbyshire
 * Title Music - Ron Grainer

Games

 * Kublai Khan refers to backgammon as a card game.

Individuals

 * Barbara is interested in Buddhist history.
 * Ian can ride a horse and is an experienced swordfighter.
 * Susan has travelled to the metal seas of Venus.
 * The Doctor acquires a walking stick from Kublai Khan which he then uses in several subsequent stories.
 * Marco Polo mentions his father Niccolo Polo and uncle Maffeo Polo.

TARDIS

 * The TARDIS contains a circuit that, if damaged, can deactivate the lights, water supplies, and heating. Without this circuit, the external temperature can affect the inside of the TARDIS, allowing condensation to form on the walls.
 * The Doctor makes himself a new TARDIS key, and implies that he made the original as well.

Story notes

 * This was the first story to feature live animals (the Mongol horses).
 * This was the first and only television story to feature a narrative and a map tracking the journey of the main characters (although character voice-over narratives have been featured in part during other stories, such as The Deadly Assassin, Army of Ghosts/Doomsday, The Family of Blood, and Forest of the Dead).
 * Many colour and black and white photographs of this story remain. Along with the soundtrack these were used by Loose Cannon Productions to make a reconstruction of this story. (see external links).
 * The working title for this story was A Journey to Cathay.
 * Episode 3 was made under the working title The Cave of Five Hundred Eyes and this name even appeared at the end of Episode 2.
 * This is one of three missing 1960s Doctor Who stories for which no moving images of the actual production or even the characters in costume survive. Though most missing serials have at least one surviving clip from a 16mm telerecording, or a few frames from a 8mm home movie, nothing remains of this, Mission to the Unknown or The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve.
 * Somewhat ironically, this serial was sold to more countries than any other serial of the 1960s. At least 19 different countries purchased it. Thus, in order for it to be completely missing, more copies of this story were likely destroyed than of any other serial.
 * Although originally planned to be the third story in the series it was delayed, with that place being filled by The Edge of Destruction.
 * Although Telesnaps of this story were made all of these were lost. However in 2004 telesnaps of episodes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 were found by Derek Handley in the private collection of Waris Hussein who directed these episodes. These telesnaps were reproduced in Doctor Who Magazine.
 * Kuiju the mercenary bandit is never named in the story and is only included in closing credits.
 * As Lance Parkin notes in A History of the Universe, some historians now question the veracity of Marco Polo's accounts, particularly his friendship with Kublai Khan.
 * John Lucarotti also wrote a Canadian TV series about Marco Polo.
 * Marco Polo appears to be somewhat obsessed with the notion of a "magical, flying box". When the Eleventh Doctor is erased from history, he instead discovers the Pandorica and brings it to the Vatican.

Ratings

 * The Roof of the World - 9.4 million viewers
 * The Singing Sands - 9.4 million viewers
 * Five Hundred Eyes - 9.4 million viewers
 * The Wall of Lies - 9.9 million viewers
 * Rider From Shang-Tu - 9.4 million viewers
 * Mighty Kublai Khan - 8.4 million viewers
 * Assassin at Peking - 10.4 million viewers

Myths

 * William Hartnell was on holiday during filming of The Singing Sands. (This was not the case although he did only have one line of dialogue).
 * There have been rumors that a man from australia had a collection of 8mm off-air recordings but had lost them due to a fire.

Filming locations

 * Ealing Television Film Studios
 * Lime Grove Studios (Studio D)

Production errors

 * At the end of episode 2, the caption claimed that episode 3 would be called The Cave of Five Hundred Eyes.
 * The name Peking is an anachronism and the city should properly have been referred to as Khan-balik. Furthermore, had the title of episode 7 been "Assassin at Cambuluc", it would have been an accurate nod to the way that Marco Polo was known to have spelled the name of the city. Of course, use of the Mongol name, or its Polo variant, would have likely confused all but the tiniest fraction of the viewing audience. "Peking" was undoubtedly used simply for the audience's benefit. The TARDIS translates for the Doctor and companions, and very likely would have translated the city into an English variant that Barbara and Ian would have recognised (i.e., Peking).

Continuity

 * It is later revealed in NA: Birthright that after the Doctor departed, the court of Kublai Khan was visited by Jared Khan, who wished to acquire the TARDIS for the Charrl.
 * The Fourth Doctor mentions his visit to China, saying he had not been there in 400 years, in DW: The Talons of Weng-Chiang. If he is referring to this visit and is using the Earth time-scale, he actually had not been there in 600 years as that story took place in 1889.
 * Shortly after regenerating, the Second Doctor mentions to his companions Ben Jackson and Polly Wright that he had once visited China. (DW: The Power of the Daleks)

Timeline
It is stated in the story that it takes place in 1289, which would not contradict facts.

Timeline

 * This story occurs after DW: The Edge of Destruction
 * This story occurs before MA: The Sorcerer's Apprentice

DVD, Video, Audio and Other Releases

 * Fan produced photo video reconstructions have been made of this story by A Change of Identity and Loose Cannon Productions.
 * The reconstruction of this story by Loose Cannon Production includes the following features:
 * A celebrity introduction by Mark Eden.
 * An interview with Mark Eden.
 * A historical documentary detailing the real Marco Polo narrated by Mark Eden.
 * A documentary about the making of "Marco Polo."


 * The remastered soundtrack for this story was released on CD as part of the BBC Radio Collection in November 2003, ISBN 0-563-53508-3. This was narrated by William Russell.


 * A thirty minute reconstruction (with telesnaps) was released in The Beginning DVD as a bonus feature.

Novelisation and its audiobook

 * Main article: Marco Polo (novelisation)

This story was published by Target Books as Doctor Who - Marco Polo by John Lucarotti, ISBN 0-426-19967-7, in April of 1985. It was number 94 in the series of 156 Doctor Who novels published by Target.

Feature article and specific information

 * Special feature on Marco Polo at Doctor Who Reference Guide, with detailed synopses, script excerpts, photos and sound clips
 * Reconstruction Website entry for Marco Polo
 * Doctor Who in Detail Marco Polo