Sontaran

The Sontarans (pronounced "Sohn-TAR-rans") were a race of belligerent and militaristic clones who waged eternal war throughout the Mutter's Spiral against the Rutan Host.

Biology
The Sontarans were humanoids with large, bulbous heads and short stocky bodies. They had grey-brown skin and deep set features. Sontarans generally had three digits on each hand (two fingers and a thumb). (DW: The Two Doctors) Some Sontarans also had vestigial hair, generally in the form of beards, which grew white with age. (NA: Shakedown) Sontaran blood was green. (DW: The Two Doctors)

The Sontarans reproduced by cloning, meaning each Sontaran was nearly identical to each other. There were some instances in variation, such as the number of fingers (DW: The Sontaran Experiment) or skin colour (NA: Shakedown). All appeared roughly the same age, with the exception of General Sontar, who appeared older. (PDA: The Infinity Doctors) The rare Pureblood Sontaran had increased status and were higher in the hierarchy. Occasionally, genetic defects would crop up and the afflicted Sontarans would be sent to work in menial labour. (DWM: The Betrothal of Sontar)

The Sontarans had great strength and resilience in lower gravity environments like Earth or Gallifrey. (DW: The Two Doctors) Despite this strength, Sontaran muscles were designed for load bearing rather than leverage. (DW: The Time Warrior) They were also weak to Coronic acid, which caused them to disintegrate and burn. (DW: The Two Doctors) When severely wounded, a Sontaran would enter an anabolic coma. In most cases, they would then die, but sometimes they would return from near death. (NA: Shakedown) They absorb energy via the probic vent on the back of their necks, but this vent is also their crucial weakness, as any sudden contact to the vent- examples have included hitting it with cricket balls, tennis balls, or hammers- will stun the Sontarans, with a Sontaran once being killed when an arrow was shot into the vent. (DW: The Time Warrior)

Society
The Sontarans were a martial species, obsessed with war. The highest honour for a Sontaran was to serve in the Imperial Fleet and to be disallowed soldiering was the most dishonourable fate for a Sontaran. (DWM: The Betrothal of Sontar) Sontarans did not fear death, and they would rather be court-martialled than show pain to others. They considered it honourable to face battle open skinned, without a helmet on. (DW: The Sontaran Stratagem/The Poison Sky) Though they would make alliances with other species, they felt no need to keep them. (NA: Shakedown)

Despite being a clone race, the Sontarans still retained the concept of betrothal, which was roughly analogous to ending hostilities by killing your enemy. (DWM: The Betrothal of Sontar) As well, clans still had great influence despite being a clone species, such as the Gunnar Clan. (NA: Shakedown)

Ranks

 * Note that the ranks are listed in presumed order of seniority in relation to real-life ranks of Earth armed forces. The precise order is pure speculation, however.

The ranks of individual Sontarans were generally not prominently displayed on the uniform. The Marshal above Styre sported two large spiky disks on the front of his collar. (DW: The Sontaran Experiment) Commander Stor wore a larger collar than his troops and had a white, three-pointed crown imprinted on his helmet (DW: The Invasion of Time), although the crown may well have been the emblem of the Sontaran Empire (DW: The Time Warrior). Group Marshal Stike had white braiding on his shoulders, akin to epaulets. (DW: The Two Doctors) In the early 21st century, badges of rank were more clearly visible and consisted of various symbols set into the right-hand side of the front of the collar. General Staal wore five diamonds in a crown-shaped pattern. Commander Skorr sported three diamonds in a similar design. (DW: The Sontaran Stratagem/The Poison Sky)

Forces
The Sontaran military was divided into several different units, regiments and fleets:


 * Fifth Army Space Fleet of the Sontaran Army Space Corps (DW: The Time Warrior)
 * G3 Military Assessment Survey (DW: The Sontaran Experiment)
 * Sontaran Special Space Service (DW: The Invasion of Time)
 * Ninth Sontaran Attack Group (DW: The Two Doctors)
 * Tenth Sontaran Battle Fleet (DW: The Sontaran Stratagem/The Poison Sky)
 * Twelfth Sontaran Battle Fleet (NSA: The Sontaran Games)
 * Special Assault Squad - Attached to other units, such as the Tenth Sontaran Battle Fleet (SJA: The Last Sontaran)
 * Koda - Military security branch of the Sontaran Armed Forces. (MA: Lords of the Storm)

Technology

 * See also Sontaran Technology.

The Sontarans were reasonably advanced, though all their technology was designed for use in the war with the Rutan Host. They often used spherical spaceships and could make advanced robots for various purposes.

Weaponry
The Sontarans could use and make a wide variety of hand-held weapons, though they usually used a thin, metallic weapon, the approximate shape and size of a corkscrew; the Rheon Carbine which was designed to optimally fit the Sontaran hand. The weapons were used for energy projection and hypnotism. (DW: The Time Warrior, NA: Shakedown, MA: Lords of the Storm) The Sontarans also utilised rifle laser weapons during the assault of 2009, which fired bright beams of red light that could kill a Human without any exterior damage. (DW: The Sontaran Strategem/The Poison Sky)



The Sontarans also made use of fragmentation grenades, which could destroy everything in a certain area. (DWN: Doctor Who and the Terror of the Autons, NA: Legacy)

Transportation
The Sontarans used spherical vessels, which were covered in square plates. They were generally only large enough for one Sontaran. (DW: The Time Warrior)

The Sontaran motherships were similar in shape to the scoutship, but had 4 claw like appendages coming out of the top and bottom. The scout ships were attached to the mothership and could be released when needed. (DW: The Sontaran Strategem/The Poison Sky)

Sontaran War-Wheels were combat vessels shaped roughly like a bow tie, with two rotating 'wheels' either side of a central spherical core. They were capable of planetary landings. (NA: Shakedown, DWM: Unnatural Born Killers)

When on a planet, the Sontarans would travel by the means of aircrafts. These aircrafts looked like the bottom half of a Sontaran ship, with seats and controls on the top. (DWM: The Betrothal of Sontar)

By the 12th century, Sontarans already used crude time-travel technology, utilising osmic projection, though nothing comparable to Time Lords. (DW: The Time Warrior) In the 20th century, they made other attempts to obtain more effective time-travel technology, specifically those of the Time Lords. (DW: The Two Doctors)

Sontarans adapted teleportation technology using generators situated at the area of materialisation. (DW: The Sontaran Strategem/The Poison Sky)

Armour
Sontarans wore distinctive battle armour, which resembled a thick and bulky grey space suit. Their helmets were dome-shaped and almost featureless except for two eye holes and a small, flat crest running from the forehead to the back of the neck. They generally carried around their rod-like weapon and a translating device. (DW: The Time Warrior) During a period in the early 21st century Sontarans had blue, less flexible, armour in a similar design. (DW: The Sontaran Strategem/The Poison Sky)



Other Technology
The Sontarans were capable of creating around a million clones every four minutes, which allowed them to sustain massive casualties. (DW: The Time Warrior) These clones were fed using the probic vent, which was the Sontaran's only weak spot. These clones were grown in vats and were nourished by sezerfine gas. (DW: The Poison Sky)

The Sontarans could heal their wounds with a devise called a tissue rectifier, which was a stubby, tubular device. (DWF: Blind Terror)

Styre used a miniature camera and a force field while studying the Humans. (DW: The Sontaran Experiment)

During the mission to make Earth a clone planet, the Sontarans made a Cordolaine field around themselves that causes metallic copper to expand; when the copper is in the jacket of a bullet, it becomes jammed in the gun's barrel, rendering it useless. (DW: The Sontaran Strategem/The Poison Sky)

Early History
In their early history, the Sontarans were split into clans, which would fight amongst themselves. (NA: Shakedown) The original Sontarans appeared ganglier and more more like Humans. (DWM: Pureblood) The survivors of these civil wars joined forces and set their aggression on aliens instead. (NA: Shakedown)

The Sontarans eventually discovered cloning and adapted it to their own use, abandoning normal reproduction. Prior to the war with the Rutans, the clones forced the purebloods off-world. (DWM: Pureblood)

Rutan-Sontaran War
The cloned Sontarans were engaged in a war with the Rutan Host. During the Millennium War, though, Sontarans and Rutans briefly joined forces. (PDA: The Quantum Archangel)


 * Accounts differ as to the date at which the Rutan-Sontaran war started.

In the 13th century, Linx, a scout, landed in England and claimed it for the Sontaran Empire. He proceeded to make an alliance with Irongron, a local warlord, and to transport scientists from the late 20th century into the past using his osmic projection. He would then hypnotise them in order to make them work on his ship. (DW: The Time Warrior)

In 1609, along with the Rutans, the Sontarans participated in the summit of military powers throughout Mutter's Spiral in the Armageddon Convention, which convened in Laputa, a floating island in the sky near Venice. (MA: The Empire of Glass)

At some point during the 20th century, Edgar Nelson-Stanley met with the Sontarans. He believed they were "the silliest race in the galaxy". (SJA: Eye of the Gorgon)

In the 1980s, the Sontaran Warburg investigated the possibility of using time ships in order to win the war. At the same point in time they were involved in a battle with the Rutans in the Madillon Cluster. Neither attempt was successful. (DW: The Two Doctors)



In 2009, the Sontarans were losing the war against the Rutans. To counter this, the Tenth Sontaran Battle Fleet (led by General Staal) made plans to convert Earth into a cloning world, and carried them out with the help of Luke Rattigan. The Sontarans used a form of hypnosis on the workers of the ATMOS factory, forcing them to start shipping out devices that contained gases poisonous to humans, contained inside plates attached to the Sat-navs they sold. When the Doctor attempted to meddle, the Sontarans activated all the devices already deployed in cars, releasing the poison gas and choking people nearby. The fleet was eventually destroyed by Rattigan. (DW: The Sontaran Stratagem/The Poison Sky)

Following this attempt, Commander Kaagh was left as the last survivor of the Tenth Sontaran Battle Fleet after he crashed to Earth. He used Professor Nicholas Skinner to bring satellites crashing into Earth's nuclear power plants. He wanted to take Sarah Jane Smith to Sontar for the Doctor's crime and for her knowledge of the Sontarans. The plan was stopped when Chrissie Jackson disabled Kaagh with her high heeled shoe, but he came round and was forced back to Sontar in his pod. (SJA: The Last Sontaran)

At some point during the 26th century, the Sontarans sent in Commander Steg to conquer Jekkar in order to create a buffer around Sontar. Though he had no difficulty with the Humans, the Jekkari, led by the Doctor, were able to fight back effectively. The surviving Sontarans destroyed their bases and abandoned the planet. (NA: Shakedown)



Some time later, an expedition was made to go to Sentarion and take advantage of the wormhole connecting it and Ruta III to kill the Rutan Queen. Though the Sontarans tried to keep this information classified, a Rutan spy known as Karne was able to learn that the information had leaked out and tried to return to the Rutans. Commander Steg was sent in to redeem himself and kill Karne. He was able to track it to the space yacht Tiger Moth, where it had hidden in the ship. During the course of his investigations, his soldiers were whittled down by Karne and the Human crew. Eventually, Karne was killed and all the Sontarans were believed to be killed. In reality, Karne was able to clone himself before his death and Steg was able to pull through. (RP: Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans, NA: Shakedown)

The second Karne was to able escape to Sentarion, followed by the Doctor, his companions and the survivors from the Tiger Moth. Commander Steg was able to follow them with a War-Wheel and forced the Doctor to open to wormhole to Ruta III. The War-Wheel was sent through, but the Doctor was able to reverse the polarity of the wormhole, meaning the War-Wheel would never get to Ruta III. When Steg tried to kill the Doctor in revenge, a fight began, leading to the death of Karne and the the Sontaran forces. (NA: Shakedown)

During either the 25th or 26th century, the Rutans destroyed the Sontaran homeworld, Sontar, with photonic bombs, though some escaped with the Sontaran racepool. At the same time, the Sontarans encountered the Pureblood Sontarans. Due to the intervention of the Doctor, the cloned and pureblood Sontarans decided to pool their resources and Marshal Stave promised to remove the Sontarans' memory of Humans from the racepool. (DWM: Pureblood)



Many thousands of years later, at a time when the Earth had been abandoned for 10,000 years, the Sontarans were separated from the many human worlds like GalSec throughout Mutter's Spiral by a buffer zone. The Grand Strategic Council planned to invade the galaxy, but they had to abandon that plan when a scout, Field Major Styre, was killed while trying to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the humans. After this, the Doctor bluffed, telling the Sontarans that their battle plans had been captured, so they would have to call off their invasion. (DW: The Sontaran Experiment)

Undated Events

 * The Sontaran mining ship Betrothal of Sontar was sent to Serac as a form of demotion. Colonel Snathe believed that the Thanatos was located on Serac, but his attempts to find it were unsuccessful and crew became restless and insubordinate. In an odd coincidence, the Doctor and Rose Tyler came to Serac to watch the aurorae, when they were captured by the Sontarans. Though the Doctor was to be killed, he was spared when he agreed to help Snathe find the Thanatos. By modifying a drone, he was able to find an energy source, which Snathe assumed to be the Thantos. They found the Thanatos, but when Snathe tried to control it, the Thanatos decided that the Sontarans were stagnant and Sontar needed to be destroyed. Though Lerox showed that there was still hope for the Sontarans, Snathe was killed when the Inuk shoved him outside during a Silverfire. (DWM: The Betrothal of Sontar)
 * When this occurred is unknown, though the Sontarans apparently knew of the Humans at this point.


 * The Carpalian Witch's favourite hunt was when she hunted a Sontaran. Since her pheromonal lure was ineffective, she waited in his ship for 6 weeks until she stabbed him in the probic vent when he was about recharge. (NSA: The Doctor Trap)

Rassilon Era

 * When these encounters with the Time Lords occurred in unknown, due to the difficulty in dating the Time Lord stories.

Though the Sontaran Linx, in the 12th century, merely considered the invasion of Gallifrey as a speculative possibility (DW: The Time Warrior), the Sontarans, in concert with the Vardans did invade, until beaten back by then-Lord President the Doctor. (DW: The Invasion of Time)

During another period of Time Lord history, the Warburg, led by General Sontar himself, the Warburg's supreme commander, and the Rutan Host convened on Gallifrey to meet face to face without violence. (PDA: The Infinity Doctors)

The Sontarans were also not 'allowed' to fight in the Last Great Time War, which according to General Staal was the greatest war of all time. (DW: The Sontaran Stratagem)

Behind the Scenes
In the documentary, "Built for War" (BBC DVD: The Sontaran Experiment), Elizabeth Sladen credits Linx actor Kevin Lindsay with establishing the pronunciation for "Sontaran" that is now generally accepted. Her description of the filming of The Time Warrior suggests that Lindsay insisted upon stressing the second syllable over the objections of director Alan Bromly, who wanted to emphasize the first. A similar dispute was later seen on screen in The Sontaran Strategem, with Donna adopting Bromly's preferred pronunciation and the Tenth Doctor using Linday's.