Blood

Blood was an essential fluid of many life forms, Gallifreyans and Humans included.

Food
Some organisms consumed blood in order to survive, namely Vampires, Haemovores, Plasmavores and Saturnynians. (DW: State of Decay, The Curse of Fenric, Smith and Jones, Vampires in Venice)

The Three Who Rule would only drink the blood of the living. However, they killed villagers and used tubing to store their blood in the fuel tanks of the Hydrax. This was then fed to the King Vampire. (DW: State of Decay)

On their home planet, the Ogri subsisted on amino acids, but found that the blood of Earth life forms, including Humans, would also suffice. (DW: The Stones of Blood)

Other species, such as Vortisaurs and Androgums, did not subsist off of blood exclusively, but would consume it as part of a more varied diet. (BFA: Storm Warning, DW: The Two Doctors)

Practical Use
Mortimus used the blood of five species whose destinies the Time Lords had affected in a ritual to summon Artemis, the Chronovore. (NA: No Future)

Blood also formed an important part of some Faction Paradox rituals. Sometimes biodata would be extracted from the blood of a being to use in a Faction Rite or Ritual. (EDA: Alien Bodies)

Some species, including the Sycorax, used a form of hypnosis known as blood control. (DW: The Christmas Invasion)

Blood could be transferred to another by the process of blood transfusion. The Eighth Doctor once gave blood to his fourth incarnation via this process. (EDA: The Eight Doctors)

Judoon scanners checked blood to gather information on the units species. (DW: Smith and Jones)

Jack Harkness's blood was used to cause Miracle Day. (TW: The Blood Line)

Rex Matheson seems to have become immortal after a transfusion of Jack Harkness's mortal blood before the end of Miracle Day. (TW: The Blood Line)

Colour
There were many variations in blood colour. This may have been the blood of the child who was harvested by the 456
 * Human, Time Lord, and Raxacoricofallapatorian blood was red. (Although Time Lord blood was a darker shade of red than Human.)
 * Mayflies had yellow blood. (TW: Reset)
 * The Judoon had yellow blood. (SJA: Prisoner of the Judoon)
 * The Ood had purple blood. (DW: Planet of the Ood)
 * The 456 had red blood. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Five)
 * Sontaran, Foamasi and Meep blood was green. (DW: The Two Doctors, The Leisure Hive, DWM: The Star Beast)
 * The Waro had yellow-green blood. (PDA: The Devil Goblins from Neptune)
 * Nostrovites had black blood. (TW: Something Borrowed)
 * Kaled/Kaled mutant blood was Green. (DW: Revelation of the Daleks)