Pompeii

Pompeii was a city in Italy remembered for its destruction by a volcano in the 1st Century A.D.. It was built on the ruins of Civitata. (FP: Coming to Dust)

A group of Pyrovile landed in the region and slept for millions of years until awakened by an earthquake in 62 AD. At this point they set in motion a plan to xenoform the Earth into a planet of fire, so it could become their new home. In 79 AD, shortly before the volcanic eruption that was destined to destroy the city, the Doctor and Donna Noble arrived and foiled the Pyroviles plan.

Unfortunately, in order to save the Earth, the Doctor and Donna were forced to trigger the eruption of the nearby volcano known as Mount Vesuvius. The eruption completely destroyed the city and killed most of its population, 20,000 people. Although Donna pleaded with the Doctor to rescue the population, he stated that the event was a crucial and unchangeable event in history; a fixed point in time. However, he agreed to save one family from the destruction.

The eruption was so powerful that it briefly created a time rift, which by echoing back in time granted a number of Pompeii's citizens precognitive powers. (DW: The Fires of Pompeii)

The seventh incarnation of the Doctor and Melanie Bush arrived in Pompeii one day before the eruption and tried to escape from the coming eruption. The Doctor's TARDIS was buried in city. (BFA: The Fires of Vulcan)
 * It would appear the Seventh and Tenth Doctors somehow managed to avoid encountering each other.

Jack Harkness in his rogue days also claimed it was an excellent setting for a time agent con job. (DW: The Empty Child / The Doctor Dances)

After centuries of legend, archeologists eventually rediscovered the lost city, and humanity remembered its fate. (DW: The Fires of Pompeii)