Earth

Earth (also known as Sol III) was the Doctor's favourite planet, the twin planet of Mondas, located in the Sol system in Mutter's Spiral. Most of the Doctor's companions have been natives of this planet. It was the native planet of Humans, Silurians, Sea Devils, as well as other species.

Location
Earth was located in Sector 8023 of the Third Quadrant. (DW: Logopolis) It was the third planet in the Sol system, approximately 27,700 light-years from the centre of Mutter's Spiral. It was shifted two light years from this position by the Time Lords and renamed Ravolox circa 2,000,000 CE. (DW: The Mysterious Planet)

Moon(s)
For most of its history, Earth had one single moon, usually referred to simply as the Moon, a rogue planet which entered the Sol system and was captured in Earth's gravitational field millions of years ago. (DW: Doctor Who and the Silurians) By the time of the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire, four other moons had been added to the Terran system. (DW: The Long Game)


 * Whether these additional moons were artificially constructed or natural ones moved into Earth orbit is not known.

Geology
Earth was rich in many valuable metals and elements. It was one of the few sources of quartz in the galaxy. (DW: The Pirate Planet) It was also rich in silicon and carbon. (DW: Four to Doomsday)

Geography
Earth's surface had changed considerably over the course of its long history, owing to its high seismic activity. When native life first appeared on the planet, for example, what later became the middle of the Atlantic Ocean was a vast, rocky wasteland. (DW: City of Death) What follows is a general description of what came to be known as "Classic Earth". (DW: ''The End of the World)

Through most of its history, two-thirds of the Earth's surface was covered by water. Several large land-masses were in existence. Changes to the topography were relatively frequent, owing to erosion and seismic and volcanic activity. Two particularly cataclysmic events occurred when Atlantis, already ravaged first by the Dæmons and then Kronos, sank beneath the waves circa 2000 BCE (DW: The Underwater Menace, The Dæmons, The Time Monster) and when Krakatoa erupted in 1883, the latter event being witnessed by both the Third and Ninth Doctors. (DW: Inferno, Rose)

The actions of Humans, specifically their pollution, also had a major effect on the geography of the world. By the 26th century, the seas of Earth had been polluted, irradiated, set on fire and boiled off into a thick sludge. (NA: Ship of Fools) By the 52nd century, winters never occurred due to global warming. (WC: The Frozen)

Over millions of years, continental drift caused the surface of Earth to change radically, creating such features as the Arctic Desert and the Los Angeles Crevasse. After the 57th Segment of Time and the events of the Ark the National Trust installed gravity satellites to hold back the expanding Sun, from a now uninhabited Earth. They also shifted the continents back to their early positions, a planetary style known as "Classic Earth", which took billions of years. It stayed like this until the planet's final destruction in the year 5.5/Apple/26. (DW: The End of the World)

Sapient Native Species

 * See Earth sentients.

Several sapient and semi-sapient species have evolved on Earth, though the most important and influential ones have been the Humans and Earth Reptiles.

Flora and Fauna

 * See plants and animals.

In its long history, many species had evolved on Earth. By the 21st century, over 300 billion species of animals had already evolved and gone extinct. (TDA: The Last Dodo)

Historical

 * Dozens of alien species and influences have affected life on Earth. Therefore, we have noted only the most significant and influential, or, in many cases, the earliest.

Before Life
Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago around a Racnoss spacecraft which carried the last remainders of their ancient race. (DW: The Runaway Bride) At much the same time, the Sentience was also trapped in the forming Earth. (NA: Nightshade)

About 3 billion years ago, the consciousness of the Sou(ou)shi settled on Earth and went into dormancy. (MA: Venusian Lullaby)

The Creation of Life
Native life eventually developed due to the explosion of a Jagaroth spaceship. (DW: City of Death)

The age of Dinosaurs and Earth Reptiles
Various species of saurian dominated the planet until circa 65 million BCE, when a freighter from 2526 time-warped to this period and exploded in the upper atmosphere. The resulting clouds of dirt and smoke obscured the sun, lowering the temperature and causing mass extinctions. (DW: Earthshock)

An intelligent species of reptiles (whose name is unknown) flourished and then went extinct. (NA: All-Consuming Fire)

100,000 years later, Silurians and Sea Devils (later known collectively as Earth Reptiles) intelligent reptiles with biotechnology were also active. (DW: Doctor Who and the Silurians, The Sea Devils) They domesticated dinosaurs and regarded the small furry humanoid semi-intelligent primates around them as pests. (DWM: The Fall of the Silurians)


 * The Doctor believed that the inaccurately named Silurians had lived not in the Silurian Age, but during the Eocene, a far more recent period, despite their use of dinosaurs.

The Reign of the reptiles came to a final end when the rogue planet (later known as Earth's primary satellite, the Moon) entered Earth's orbit. The Earth Reptiles feared it and entered into suspended animation. (DW: Doctor Who and the Silurians)

Apes regarded by the reptiles as pests eventually evolved into the species known as Human, given a substantial jolt forward when the Fendahl Core arrived in Africa circa 12 million BCE. (DW: Image of the Fendahl)

The Human Age
Human civilization evolved quickly, assisted by the Dæmons, the various temporal fragments of Scaroth, and the predatory nature imparted to humans by the Fendahl.

This predatory and aggressive nature was evident in the many conflicts which humans fought amongst themselves throughout much of their early history, such as during the siege of Troy, the Dark Ages, or the American Revolutionary War. (DW: The Mark of the Rani) It was also exploited by the War Lords, who kidnapped human soldiers from various conflicts in Earth history for use in their war games. (DW: The War Games)

Earth had been visited by aliens many times throughout its history, but the launching of space probes by humans beginning in the late 20th century made such visits more frequent, as Homo sapiens began drawing attention to themselves. These visits also tended to be more openly hostile, and Earth was saved from conquest or outright annihilation often only through the intercession of the Doctor or the secret (prior to the 21st century) organization Torchwood. Such invasions also led to the formation of UNIT, whose functions in time culminated in the first conquest by Earth of an alien world, Mars, in 2086. (DW: Transit) Despite the sometimes overt nature of alien intervention on Earth, governments and military bodies successfully managed to keep many of these events either secret (DW: The Web of Fear), or active cover-ups were attempted, such as an attempt to dismiss the Battle of Canary Wharf (DW: Doomsday) as a terrorist event caused by the doping of Britain's water supply (TW: Everything Changes). The latter example occurred even after the Sycorax parked a giant spaceship above London (DW: The Christmas Invasion). However, several further events, most notably the forced relocation of Earth to another part of the universe and the subsequent Dalek invasion (DW: The Stolen Earth/Journey's End) served to finally convince the populace at large that they were not alone in the universe.

Humans had developed methods of faster-than-light-travel in the late 21st century and began colonizing nearby star systems soon after.

The Daleks
The 22nd century Dalek invasion proved devastating to Earth. First the Daleks released a new kind of plague upon the Earth, the entire regions of Africa and South America were wiped out. New York and many other cities were destroyed. The remaining inhabitants of earth were terrorized by the Dalek forces who enslaved many and turned others into Robomen. The expulsion of the Dalek force from Earth and the victorious Battle of Cassius saw the planet reborn. (DW: The Dalek Invasion of Earth). The Daleks named it New Skaro when they invaded it.

The Human Empire
Humans reclaimed their old colonies and in time an Earth Empire emerged, which dominated most of Mutter's Spiral for over 500 years. This empire at times came into conflict with other space powers, particularly the Draconians, and often employed oppressive and disenfranchising policies on numerous alien races, most notably on Delta Magna and Solos. Unrest among these races and instabilities in the Empire's political and economic structure eventually led to the dissolution of the Empire, which in time gave way to the Galactic Federation, headquartered on Io. (NA: Legacy) By 4000, the Federation came under the control of Mavic Chen (DW: The Daleks' Master Plan) and his descendants, who eventually transformed the once democratic organization into a new version of the old Earth Empire. (MA: The Crystal Bucephalus)

By the year 200,000, Earth was at its height, covered with megacities, five moons and a population of 96 billion. It was the centre of the galactic domain of the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire that stretched across a million planets and species. (DW: The Long Game)

Later Events
Earth in its later history was abandoned numerous times by its human inhabitants, first when solar flares bombarded the planet, leaving Earth uninhabited for 10,000 years. (DW: The Ark in Space) Although surviving humans who had slept aboard the Nerva Beacon recolonised the planet, it was later occupied by the Charrl, who renamed the world Antýkhon. Humans, referred to as "Hairies," managed to adapt to the depleted atmosphere and soil caused by the Charrls' industrial activities. The Charrl occupation lasted some 3497 years. (NA: Birthright) Some time after, Earth was visited by the Usurians, who relocated the dying human population first to Mars and then Pluto. Generations later, humans had thrown off the yoke of Usurian exploitation, and returned to Earth. (DW: The Sun Makers)

About 2,000,000, Earth was relocated two light-years from its proper position in the galaxy by the Time Lords to prevent the escape by aliens from Andromeda who had stolen information from the Matrix on Gallifrey. Most of the human race remaining on Earth were wiped out, and those that survived degenerated to a primitive, tribal culture. The planet came to be known as Ravolox, with Earth being completely forgotten. (DW: The Mysterious Planet) The inhabitants of Ravolox eventually came to know of the true nature and history of their planet, and to rebuild their civilization.

At some unknown point in the future, the planet may also for a time be known by the name Tellus and be owned by a mining company. (The Adventures of K9: K9 and the Missing Planet)


 * Owing to the events described below, it is assumed that at some point Ravolox was returned to its original location and once again came to be known as Earth.

The Destruction of Earth
In the 57th segment of Time the last Humans left Earth because of the increasing danger that it would fall into the Sun, they fled to planets such as Refusis II and Frontios. (DW: The Ark/Frontios) The now uninhabited Earth was preserved by the National Trust and over the billions of years following it was restored to a 'classic' Earth until it was finally destroyed by the expanding Sun in the year 5.5/Apple/26. (DW:The End of the World)

Political
Until well into the 3000s, Earth was divided into myriad nation-states of varying size, population, tactical strength, and socio-political, economic, and religious ideologies, all at any given time allied to or warring with each other. The first moves towards planetary union actually came in the form of military conquest and annexation of nations by leaders such as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, with the Old Roman Empire, the Han Empire of China, and the Great Khanates of the Mongols being among the earliest superpowers. From the 17th to the 22nd centuries, much of the military and economic strength of Earth was controlled by the British Empire, and France, and, later, the United States of America, a former colonial possession of Britain's, as well as the Soviet Union, later reformed as the Russian Federation, and China.

The earliest peaceful attempt at unifying the planet under one governing body was the formation of the League of Nations at the close of the First World War. The 1930s saw the formation of LONGBOW, an organisation set up under the umbrella of the League to handle matters of international security, occasionally running into threats of an extraterrestrial nature. While never made public, this was the first acknowledgement by the world's leaders that humans were not alone in the universe, and their neighbors were not always friendly. LONGBOW ceased operations after both it and the League failed to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War, when Adolf Hitler sent German troops on an invasion of Poland.

The United Nations was formed at the end of the Second World War, hoping to succeed where its predecessor had failed in preventing global conflict. After numerous alien attacks, especially those by the Yeti (DW: The Web of Fear) and the Cybermen (DW: The Invasion), the UN at the suggestion of Colonel (later Brigadier) Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart, drew up the charter for UNIT, whose duty was essentially the same as LONGBOW's had been.

The development of nuclear weapons and the Cold War increased international tensions in the late 20th century. At numerous times, nuclear war seemed imminent. This threat was somewhat alleviated when the great powers entrusted their nuclear launch codes to the United Kingdom for safe-keeping (DW:  Robot), when half of the planet came under the government of the World Zone Authority in the early 21st century (DW: The Enemy of the World) this often came into conflict with The New British Empire which was formed with the help of the Torchwood Institute. Tensions between the two empires returned again in the later half of the century.

An end to these tensions did not arrive until the Martian assault of 2086, in which Paris was destroyed. A common, alien enemy united humans and planted the seeds for a united Earth. (NA: Transit) A brief relapse into warring feudal states followed the Dalek occupation before the Earth was once again united under The New British Empire (EDA: Legacy of the Daleks). It was also around this time that Earth formed the Alliance with Alpha Centauri and other nearby systems, its first formal alliance with alien species. (NA: Original Sin, MA: Lords of the Storm)

The united Earth government quickly became corrupt and on the payroll of powerful financial concerns like INITEC, the Galatron Mining Corporation, the AMORB Project, and especially IMC, looking the other way as these organizations victimised indigenous species and human colonists alike on the outer worlds. (DW: Vengeance on Varos, Colony in Space) In time the business policies of these corporations and the political and diplomatic policies of the Earth government became parallel and laid the foundations for the Earth Empire. Law and order was enforced by the Adjudicators. Although Earth was governed by a democratically elected President who ruled under The New British Empire, civil liberties in the mid-third millennium were highly marginalized, and critics of the government were frequently sent to the Moon, which was converted from a civilian colony to a prison. (DW: Frontier in Space) In the last centuries of the third millennium, the Presidency was transformed into an Imperial monarchy, with the Holy King (or Queen) ruling Earth and its empire. The last Holy Monarch left control of the Earth to a ruling council upon her death, shortly before the Solos Incident. (NA: Original Sin, DW: The Mutants)

With the advent of the Second Ice Age and continuing unrest among the colonies, Earth's global government collapsed at the turn of the fourth millennium, and feudalism returned both on the planet and on many of its colonies. An aristocratic government remained in control of Earth when the Galactic Federation was formed in the later years of the millennium. (DW: The Curse of Peladon) This aristocracy eventually gave way to more democratic forms, but this new era of freedom was short-lived as the Solar System came under the sway of the Chen Dynasty after 4000. (DW: The Daleks' Master Plan, MA: The Crystal Bucephalus)

As the Chen focused more of their attention on the outer worlds, Earth once more broke up into rival nation states, with a Sixth World War looming by the year 5000 between the superpowers of Iceland, the Philippines, and Australia. (DW: The Talons of Weng-Chiang) By the 100th Century, the Earth was facing civil wars and by the 102nd century it was remade into the Junta. (PDA: Synthespians™)

Information on what forms of government existed on Earth during its later periods is scant, owing to the frequent evacuations and resettlements by humanity which occurred. During Earth's period as the planet Ravolox, the few surviving humans there appear to have lived in a tribal matriarchy somewhat similar to that of the ancient Celts. (DW: The Mysterious Planet)

Economy
Variations and hybrids of capitalism, communism, and socialism have been practiced by Earth Humans throughout their history. No information is currently available on what economic forms were utilized by the reptilian species which preceded humans. Towards the end of Earth's history, Trees which traced their ancestry to the tropical rain forests had acquired sizeable fortunes, mostly in real estate. (DW: The End of the World)

Most Earth currency was decimalised by the 20th century, with Britain's monetary system becoming decimalized in 1971. (DW: An Unearthly Child)

In the 20th and 21st centuries much of Earth's economy was dependant on oil, a non-renewable resource, much to the annoyance of the Doctor (DW: Terror of the Zygons).

Beyond the Scenes
The first shot of the first scene of Rose (the first story following Doctor Who's extended hiatus) featured a dramatic zoom from Earth orbit into Rose Tyler's apartment. A number of Doctor Who stories have since opened with this same dramatic zoom, for example The Christmas Invasion.

Since End of the World depicts Earth as orbiting its original Sun, presumably at some point between the year 2,000,000 and 5,000,000,000 the planet was relocated back to its original location and its name reverted from Ravolox back to Earth.

Related Topics

 * Sol system
 * Human
 * The Moon
 * List of Earth Locations
 * List of Earth historical figures