British monarchy

The United Kingdom operated under a constitutional monarchy.

History

 * For ease of identification, the summary below bolds the lists of known Monarchs.

Early history
Athelstan of England was the king of England for some time in the 10th century. He recieved the Cup of Athelstan in 924 AD as a coronation gift from Hywel, King of the Welsh. (DW: Planet of the Dead)

Harold Godwinson was king of England for most of 1066. After defeated a Viking invasion, the Normans invaded England from the south. The Monk planned to change history by using advanced technology to aid King Harold, thus ensuring that his army would be better able to face the Normans. This plan was defeated by the Doctor and Harold was later defeated in the Battle of Hastings by William the Conqueror, who became the new king of England. (DW: The Time Meddler)

Richard I of England (8th September 1157 – 6th April 1199), nicknamed Richard the Lionheart, was King of England from 6th July 1189 until his death. While he led his troops in the crusades, he worried of his younger brother John of England usurping his throne back in England. Richard assisted the Doctor and Ian Chesterton in reclaiming Barbara Wright after her capture by Arabs. (DW: The Crusade)

King John of England ruled England in the early 13th century, he signed the Magna Carta. While the real King John was in London taking the Crusader's Oath, the android Kamelion was being used in a plot by the Master to sabotage Earth history by preventing King John's signing of the Magna Carta, an event pivotal to the development of parliamentary democracy on that planet. This plot was foiled by the intervention of the Doctor. (DW: The King's Demons)

16th century
Henry VIII was the King of England from 1509 to 1547. The Doctor once argued with Henry VIII as he wanted to be sentenced to the Tower of London where the TARDIS was located. (DW: The Sensorites) However, on a later occasion the Doctor claimed that he had never met him. (NA: Tragedy Day) The Doctor later mentioned having dinner with him. (NSA: Revenge of the Judoon) Elizabeth X stated that Doctor was an old drinking buddy of his. (DW: The Beast Below)

After the death of Henry's successor, Edward VI, Jane Grey was made queen at 16 years old as per her father's wishes, but she never wanted to rule. She met Rani Chandra on the 19th July 1553, the ninth and final day of Jane's reign. Rani was found by Mistress Ellen who believed her to be the queen's new lady in waiting. Rani played along so she could find the object, Ellen presented Rani to her who gave her a music box. Jane liked Rani because she spoke to her as a girl and not a queen and became friends with her. She learned that Mary I of England had claimed the throne and thus Jane was a traitor and would be sentenced to death. Lady Matilda tried to kill Jane that night but Rani stopped her. Matilda wanted to kill Jane so she would become a martyr. Rani worked out that the dagger Matilda tried to kill Jane with was the object the Shopkeeper was after. She retrieved it and stayed to comfort Jane before using it to teleport back to 2010. Jane suspected Rani was an angel and this strengthened her. Before her death she wrote to her sister knowing that she had achieved immortality as Rani had told her earlier that she will be remembered for centuries to come. (SJA: Lost in Time)

The Sixth Doctor and Evelyn Smythe met Mary when they travelled back to 1554 to fix a time anomaly. (BFA: The Marian Conspiracy)

Elizabeth I was the Queen of England during from 1558 to 1603, and an apparent spouse of the Tenth Doctor. He met her after she had met him. This meant there was a back story of which he was unaware. From his perspective, they first met in 1599. On that occasion, in the Globe Theatre, she considered him an enemy of the Crown and ordered her guards to kill him. (DW: The Shakespeare Code)

Sometime after his adventure on Bowie Base One, he returned to 16th century England, where he met Elizabeth for the first time — from her perspective. He told Ood Sigma that he married "Queen Bess", and implied that "her nickname" no longer applied. Elizabeth had multiple nicknames including "the Virgin Queen" and "Good Queen Bess" (BFA: The Marian Conspiracy), but as the Doctor stopped mid-sentence, what precisely he was referring to remained unclear. Later, when the Doctor met Elizabeth X, she made a passing remark stating that "the Virgin Queen" was indeed the nickname the Doctor had been referring to. (DW: The Beast Below)

17th century
After the death of Elizabeth I, James I of Scotland inherited the English throne, from then onwards, both kingdoms were ruled by a single monarch.

Charles I reigned during the English Civil War. The Doctor had played a role in the civil war which brought down Charles I and led to his execution and the rise of Oliver Cromwell in 1949. (PDA: The Roundheads) Parliament ruled until 1660, where Charles II ruled until 1685.

19th century
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, more commonly known as Queen Victoria, was a powerful and influential monarch on Earth in the 19th century, ruling from 1837 to 1901. Her reign, known as the Victorian era, was marked by tremendous strides in technology and the arts in Britain and elsewhere. Victoria is known to have met the Doctor at least twice; once during her coronation ceremony in 1838, and in 1879 she experienced an adventure with the the Doctor. The latter led to her effectively banishing the Doctor from her country and leading her to form the Torchwood Institute, as the British Empire's defense against the dark forces which the Doctor seemed to consort.

20th century
Edward VII was King of Great Britain from 1901 to 1910.

The Doctor claimed to have met Edward VII in Paris. (DW: Inferno)

In 1902, Professor Challoner intended to conquer the Earth and prop up Edward as his proxy, using Temporal Reversion Devices. The King and Balmoral Castle would be abducted by the Judoon. (NSA: Revenge of the Judoon)

In 1909, Brelarn plotted to assassinate King Edward. (NSA: Sting of the Zygons)

Edward VIII was King of Great Britain for most of 1936.

When His Majesty announced his plans to marry his mistress, the twice-divorced American Wallis Simpson, British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin informed him that neither his subjects nor the British government would accept the marriage. After weeks of deliberation, the King claimed to have chosen to abdicate, but, having been manipulated by the Players, was really planning to dissolve Parliament and replace it with one more loyal to him. The plan was thwarted by the Doctor, Peri Brown and Winston Churchill, and they used a recording of the speech Edward would have given to coerce him into abdicating the throne, threatening to have him charged with treason. (PDA: Players)

Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom was born on the 21 April 1926 and became the Queen of Great Britain in 1952 and served well into the 21st century.

The alien Wire attempted to take the energy from the millions of Humans watching her 1953 Coronation on their televisions. However, the Doctor foiled the Wire's plans. (DW: The Idiot's Lantern)

Students at Brendon Public School (as well as the rest of Great Britain), where the Brigadier taught, celebrated the silver anniversary of Elizabeth II's Coronation in 1977. (DW: Mawdryn Undead)

In 1988, her path almost crossed that of the Doctor (who almost but not quite recognized her) at Windsor Castle as she walked her pet corgis about the grounds. (DW: Silver Nemesis)

Elizabeth II was also apparently no longer on the throne at the time the Doctor reunited with The Brigadier for an adventure "several years" into Ace's future, probably sometime in the 1990s. (DW: Battlefield) However, she was later restored to the throne.

Queen Elizabeth was briefly deposed by the Ice Lord Xznaal in May 1997, but was later restored to the throne and her Re-Coronation was held on 23rd November. (NA: The Dying Days)

21st century
In 2001, Dr. Who, a fictional duplicate of the Doctor, tried several times to assassinate Elizabeth, convinced she was the leader of an oppressive regime. During an appearance in Sheffield he eventually succeeded, but the self-doubts of his accomplice Jason, coupled with his own essentially fictional nature, meant that the Queen survived after all. (NA: Head Games)

In 2006, Harriet Jones was invited to form a government by the Queen. (WEB: UNIT website (Secure section)) On Christmas Day of that year, the blood control powers of the Sycorax (operating out of a ship hovering over London) threatened to make Elizabeth II, as well as the rest of the British royal family jump off a roof and kill herself. (DW: The Christmas Invasion)

After the Battle of Canary Wharf (DW: Doomsday) in 2007, the Queen ordered the immediate closure of Torchwood 1 (WEB: torchwood.org.uk). The level of her involvement with and support of the Torchwood Institute, established by Victoria, both before and after the Battle of Canary Wharf, is unclear.

Due to the Sycorax and "Christmas Star" incident (DW: The Runaway Bride) occuring on consecutive Christmases in London, most of the city's residents fled during Christmas 2008. The Queen, however, staunchly decided to remain in Buckingham Palace.(DW: Voyage of the Damned) On Christmas Day, the alien Titanic almost crashed into Buckingham Palace: the Doctor contacted the Palace and uttered a pre-arranged code number that resulted in the immediate evacuation of the Queen and her staff, but at the last moment he was able to pull the ship up above the palace. The Queen could be heard thanking the Doctor by name (DW: Voyage of the Damned).

In Easter 2009, the Doctor left his TARDIS in Buckingham Palace gardens, telling Captain Erisa Magambo that the Queen did not mind. (DW: Planet of the Dead)

In 2050 when the British government was controlled by Lomax, a Korven from the Far future. Britain was ruled by an unnamed King, an Oroborus arrived on Earth around his birthday, causing time distortions which meant that people complained about missing the King's birthday message, and others saw it twice. (K9TV: Oroborus)

Far future
Elizabeth X of the United Kingdom, (also known as Liz Ten) was the Queen Regnant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland when Earth was devastated by solar flares in the late 30th century. She'd grown up on stories of the Doctor, as had her whole family.

Liz Ten found a Star Whale and enslaved it (or so she thought she had; in actuality it volunteered) to form the base of Starship UK. She then wiped her mind so that she would not have to deal with the consequences. Her government slowed down her body clock, keeping her effectively immortal. She thought she was 50 and had been on the throne for ten years, not knowing she always lived the same ten years, always found out the truth about Starship UK at the end of it, and always wiped her mind once more. She also placed this system throughout the ship and everyone would always choose to forget. Those who didn't were sent below, to fuel the Star Whale. She feared that if the Star Whale was freed that it would then fly off, killing all who lived on the ship. She wore a mask to disguise herself from the public whilst investigating.

300 years later, when The Doctor and Amy Pond came to Starship UK, they found out the truth and told Elizabeth. Amy freed the Star Whale but the beast continued to carry Starship UK as it was old, kind and the last of its species, just like the Doctor. Liz then was able to live a happy life along with her kingdom. (DW: The Beast Below)

In the 52nd century, she was still the Queen but showed signs of age by the fact that her hair was greying. By this time she was also guardian of The Royal Collection. (DW: The Pandorica Opens)

Alternate timelines
In a timeline in which Germany won World War II, Sir Oswald Mosley was Prime Minister, Churchill having been executed. (NA: Timewyrm: Exodus)

In an alternate timeline in which Germany won World War II, Edward VIII was restored to the throne with Wallis as his Queen in 1940. He signed a treaty which established Great Britain as a protectorate of the German Reich. (NA: Timewyrm: Exodus)

The regime of a fascist Britain had the royal family executed at some point before 1943. (DW: Inferno)

Elizabeth II was not on the throne in Pete's World; on that world, Great Britain was a republic governed by a president. (DW: Rise of the Cybermen)

In a nightmare alternate timeline created by the Trickster, the starship Titanic did hit Buckingham Palace and caused a nuclear explosion. The Queen is assumed dead. (DW: Turn Left)

In 5145 in the Time Field timeline, Elizabeth X caught River Song attempting to steal a Van Gogh painting of the Tardis exploding. After holding River at gunpoint she saw the painting and learned of whom it was meant for before letting her go. (DW: The Pandorica Opens)

In Arthur's World, a parallel universe, Arthur was King of England in the 8th century, in Arthur's World.

Together with his knights and Merlin, Arthur battled the forces of Mordred and Morgaine, but was killed at the Battle of Camlann. Merlin, a future incarnation of the Doctor, placed Arthur's body and Excalibur in a dimension-crossing spaceship and hid it at the bottom of Lake Vortigern, near Carbury, in rural England. Legends sprang up that Arthur had survived the battle, albeit badly wounded, and would reawaken at the time of England's greatest need.

In the late 20th century, the Doctor and Ace discovered Arthur's spaceship and retrieved Excalibur. They later discovered that stories of Arthur's survival was just propaganda and that the King was really dead after all. (DW: Battlefield)

Edward IX was King of England in a more technologically advanced parallel universe. (TVA: Who's Who?)