Theory:Doctor Who television discontinuity and plot holes/Marco Polo


 * Marco Polo was not a lone European traveler. Specifically, his travels were almost always family ones, and certainly would have been in 1289. No explanation is provided for why Marco's father Niccolo Polo and uncle Maffeo Polo, whom he mentions in the first episode, are not present during this journey.
 * Historical accounts may have gotten this fact wrong, as they often do.


 * With specific regards to Marco Polo, most of what we know about him comes from an account he dictated to another prisoner in a Genoese prison, and the earliest surviving copy comes from fifty years after that. All sorts of inaccuracies could have crept in through errors in transcription, translation, and Marco's own recollection.


 * Also, the Whoniverse is not our universe, just a very similar-looking one. Historical accounts may be right about our universe, but not theirs—or the historical accounts may be right in both universes, but not the same accounts.


 * While this historical information is interesting, historical "inaccuracies" can never be considered as discontinuities. Right from the very first episode, when reading a book on the French Revolution, Susan comments: "but that's not right". Basically Dr Who sets a framework in which "our historical records" can in some cases simply be "wrong"!


 * The name Peking is an anachronism and the city should properly have been referred to as Khan-balik. Furthermore, had the title of episode 7 been "Assassin at Cambuluc", it would have been an accurate nod to the way that Marco Polo was known to have spelled the name of the city.
 * Of course, use of the Mongol name, or its Polo variant, would have likely confused all but the tiniest fraction of the viewing audience. "Peking" was undoubtedly used simply for the audience's benefit. The TARDIS translates for the Doctor and companions, and very likely would have translated the city into an English variant that Barbara and Ian would have recognised (i.e., Peking).
 * Why, then, is "Cathay" not called "China" in the story?
 * It's pretty obvious that the writers chose to stick to familiar terms for the benefit of the viewing audience, but that isn't an error, since the TARDIS would have every reason to do the exact same thing for the companions. Most English people in 1963 knew the name 'Cathay' for China, but most did not know the word 'Khan-balik', so from both an out-of-universe and an in-universe perspective, it makes sense to use 'Cathay' but 'Peking'.


 * The tardis always has been a bit faulty.


 * The distance from Shang-Tu to Peking is a not inconsiderable 250km. It is extremely unlikely the distance could have been covered in the time allowed in Episode 7.
 * Not necessarily impossible though. They made good time.


 * In episode 7, Kublai Khan refers to backgammon as a card game.
 * In itself, this isn't really an error. The word "backgammon" only dates to the 17th century. Khan's confusion over the term is understandable. It's more of an error that Marco Polo calls the game "backgammon" and seems totally familiar with it. In truth, the anachronism of backgammon in this episode would have been alleviated by calling the game "nard", a Persian variant which dates to the 6th century. It's probably the only thing resembling backgammon that could possibly have travelled to Khan-balik by the 13th century. As with the use of the name "Peking", though, "backgammon" is almost certainly used here for the benefit of the audience - and again attributable to the TARDIS translation circuit.


 * William Hartnell has an odd hysterical fit in episode one, laughing his head off for a full minute at all the troubles that have befallen the travellers.
 * The Doctor's reactions are often unexpected or unusual compared to those of humans. He obviously found something about their predicament particularly amusing.


 * In 1289, Polo was anxious to leave China against Kublai's wishes, so what's he doing on the Pamir Plateau?
 * Historical accounts may have gotten this fact wrong, as they often do.