Late Silurian

Late Silurians were a Silurian subspecies identified by historians who had been allowed access to the "Monster Vaults" of the databanks in the Doctor's TARDIS. (PROSE: ) One such Silurian, Vastra, was identified on sight as a warrior by Early Silurians, whom she recognised as being of the "scholar caste". (COMIC: )

Biology
The late Silurians retained the green, scaly skin and crests of the earlier subspecies, but were distinguished in their voices and facial features broadly resembled humans, which historians attributed to parallel evolution. Having evolved to hunt apes, the Silurians had completely lost their third eyes by this point, but were the only subspecies to have noses to scent their prey. Further, they were equipped with extremely long, elastic tongues, like chameleons, which could deliver a highly venomous sting. Like the other subspecies, Silurians of the same gene-chain were virtually identical save for skin markings. (PROSE: )

Some Silurians such as Jastrok resented having lost their third eye. (AUDIO: ) The Dacha was one Silurian who possessed a third eye despite otherwise appearing as a late Silurian. (COMIC: )

A group of Silurians seen on prehistoric Earth were distinguished in that they had only two eyes, no external ears, five digits on each hand, crests on their heads and down their neck, and faces with bulging black eyes and beak-like mouths. (COMIC: Supremacy of the Cybermen) In an alternate timeline, these Silurians were converted into Cyber-Silurians. (COMIC: ) Late Silurian Hunters wore masks resembling the faces of their beaked counterparts. (GAME: The Mazes of Time)

Culture
Late Silurian warriors, also known as hunters, (GAME: ) continued to wear ceremonial hunting masks, and their dish of choice were apes, or their human descendants. (PROSE: )

History
In 102, a number of Silurian Hunters were part of the Alliance that imprisoned the Eleventh Doctor in the Pandorica. (TV: )

In 1892, the Silurians led by their leader Vekkis found a piece of the Eternity Clock to reclaim Earth. They planned to use the power of the Clock to pump toxin to wipe out the human race. The Eleventh Doctor and River Song destroyed the toxin and took the Eternity Clock. (GAME: )

In the 2010s, a masked Silurian was a resident of the hidden trap street in London which housed lost aliens on Earth under the protection of Mayor Me. As with the rest of the inhabitants it appeared cloaked in human form through use of the lurkworms. (TV: )

In 2020, a Silurian city in Wales was awoken by a mining trial led by Nasreen Chaudhry and Tony Mack. (TV: ) The giant drill had attacked the Silurians' oxygen pockets. (TV: ) The Silurians took corpses from a graveyard for study, as well as Mo Northover and later Amy Pond as living subjects. Eventually they contained the village in a force field and captured Elliot Northover. Alaya came to the surface and was captured. While the Eleventh Doctor and Nasreen travelled to the Silurian city to negotiate her return for Mo, Elliot and Amy, Alaya was guarded by Tony, Rory Williams and Ambrose Northover. (TV: ) The Eleventh Doctor and Nasreen were captured, while Amy and Mo escaped.

After an abortive rescue attempt, the Doctor was able to convince the Silurian leader, Eldane, to negotiate with Amy and Nasreen for the future of both their races. Back on the surface, Ambrose tried to help her family and threatened Alaya, accidentally killing her just as the group were summoned to the city. She also set the drill to start burrowing again in fifteen minutes. Alaya's death, and Ambrose's threat to the city, was received badly, especially by Alaya's sister, Restac, who tried to kill all the humans in retribution. Eldane managed to lead the Doctor and his friends to a laboratory. He released a deadly gas into the city, forcing Restac's troops to return to their hibernation. The Doctor stopped the drilling by destroying the drill with an energy pulse, which also sealed off the city in a cave-in. The timer was set for a thousand years to permit a second chance at negotiation. (TV: )

In 2367, Solomon sent a distress signal to the Silurian Ark. Realising that there were valuable dinosaurs on board, he and his robots slaughtered the Silurian crew. Unable to pilot the ship to his destination as it required two pilots with the same gene-chain, the Ark headed back to Earth where it was detected by the ISA. The Doctor formed a gang to investigate the ship after learning of the situation and to save the ship from being shot down by the ISA. As the ship came under threat of destruction, it was piloted to safety by Brian and Rory Williams who had the same gene-chain as they were father and son while the missiles were tricked into destroying Solomon's ship instead. In the aftermath, the dinosaurs were taken from the Ark and transported to a new home on Siluria by the Doctor and Brian. (TV: )

During the 29th century, when solar flares were threatening to engulf the Earth, the Silurians built a spacecraft, surreptitiously attaching it to the bottom of the humans' own. After takeoff, a Dalek attack caused the Silurian ship to break away from the humans. (GAME: )

One thousand years after the encounter at Cwmtaff, Eldane's clan were scheduled to reawaken and unite with humanity and their Earth Reptile cousins. (TV: )

Around the 52nd century, a group of Silurian Hunters were called upon by the Eleventh Doctor to help him in the Battle of Demon's Run to rescue Amy Pond. Many of these Silurians were killed by the Headless Monks. (TV: )

Undated events
A Silurian called Wanda trapped humans in the monkey enclosure in the zoo. (COMIC: )

The Late Silurians joined Rassilon's Alliance of Races in the Great Inferno, the war with the Hyperions. (COMIC: ) After the Hyperions were defeated, the Alliance then went on to purge the universe of other threats to universal harmony, one of those threats being Count D'if of the Cybock Imperium. (COMIC: )

Alternate timelines
In a world where all of history occurred at once, Silurians lived alongside humans. Malohkeh served as physician to the Holy Roman Emperor, Winston Churchill. (TV: )

Behind the scenes

 * J. K. Woodward, who worked on the Star Trek crossover Assimilation², released a piece depicting a late Silurian assimilated by the Borg.