Jack Harkness


 * For other uses of Captain Jack see, here.

Captain Jack Harkness was the name adopted by a con man from the 51st century who became an associate and occasional companion of the Doctor. He was made reluctantly immortal by the Bad Wolf (entity) and stranded on Earth from the mid-19th to the early 21st century due to putting too much strain on his vortex manipulator. During much of that time, he worked for Torchwood Three until its destruction in 2009. After that he left earth for two years, but returned in 2011 when Miracle Day spread across the world. The phenomenon also stripped him of his immortality.

Early life
Jack was born under a different name, which has yet to be revealed. (TW: Captain Jack Harkness) He grew up sometime around the year 5000, though perhaps closer to 5100, as John Hart indicated an award Jack won in 5094. Jack grew up in an era when attitudes towards sex differed from those prevalent in the 21st century. (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang)

Attack on the Boeshane Peninsula
Jack was brought up on the Boeshane Peninsula, a sandy, beach-like area. He spent time with his brother Gray and his father, Franklin, playing cricket and singing around campfires. One day an unknown enemy invaded his homeland and killed many of the inhabitants. Jack was told by his father to flee with Gray while he went back for Jack's mother. As Jack was running, Gray stumbled and Jack accidentally let go of Gray's hand. Jack continued to run, thinking Grey was behind him hiding in a bush while the invaders flew overhead. He returned to his home hoping to find his brother, but instead found only his father, dead. Jack claimed it was the worst day of his life, and that he spent many years searching for his brother, though he never found him. (TW: Adam)

Growing up
As a young man, he persuaded a friend to "join up" with him to fight against an unspecified enemy Jack described only as "horrible". When captured, the enemy, considering Jack's friend to be the weaker of the pair, tortured him as a lesson for Jack. The enemies let Jack go, bearing the guilt of his friend's fate. (TW: Captain Jack Harkness)

Once, when sentenced to death, he ordered four hypervodkas as a last meal and ended up bedding both executioners (at the same time). He recalled them as a lovely couple who kept in touch (which he joked most executioners wouldn't do). (DW: The Doctor Dances)

As Time Agent and con artist
Jack worked as a Time Agent with a partner, in multiple contexts, called John Hart. At some point, they spent five years trapped in a two-week time loop, with the two becoming the equivalent of a married couple after spending so much time together. Hart conceded to having been "a good wife" which closed an argument between the two about which of them was the wife in the relationship. (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang). Eventually Jack found that the Agency had erased two years of his memory, which he wished to have back (DW:The Empty Child).

Jack left the Agency and became a time-travelling con artist, running various scams using his knowledge of future events, such as demanding money for items that he knew would be destroyed before the buyer could see it. Finding pieces of space junk and directing them to soon-to-be disaster sites, Jack would sell them to passers-by, then allow the items to be destroyed before the buyers could pick up their merchandise. He would, at some point, acquire a small, sleek Chula spacecraft, fitted for human use which could turn invisible. (DW: The Empty Child)

While in 1941, he assumed the alias of an American volunteer Captain Jack Harkness, who had died in action the January prior. He knew very little about the real Jack, other than basic information such as the date and manner of death of the original Jack Harkness. (TW: Captain Jack Harkness)

Meeting the Doctor
While pulling a con with a Chula ambulance during the London Blitz, he spotted Rose Tyler hanging from a barrage balloon and rescued her, taking her aboard his ship. Quickly deducing that Rose came from the future, he suspected that other Time Agents had discovered him. (DW: The Empty Child) Shortly after, Rose introduced him to the Ninth Doctor and crushed his dream of conning the Time Agency. The trio worked to stop the plague brought about by the ambulance's nanogenes. Jack carried an active German bomb ready to explode in his ship to save many people, and was almost killed himself. However, the TARDIS materialized within his ship and the Doctor and Rose rescued him just before the ship exploded. (DW: The Doctor Dances) Jack subsequently became a new companion for the Doctor, to the delight of both Rose, who found Jack attractive, and Jack, who found both Rose and the Doctor likewise.

The trio shared numerous adventures together and clicked as a team to the point where Mickey Smith found himself an outsider during a shared adventure (DW: Boom Town).

Jack was aboard Satellite 5 when a Dalek fleet launched their assault on Earth. He was killed while defending the satellite against them. He was resurrected by Rose Tyler, who at that time had the powers of the Time Vortex which turned her into the Bad Wolf. He was unable to rejoin the Doctor and Rose before the Doctor's TARDIS departed; Jack was left stranded on the satellite. (DW: The Parting of the Ways) Jack later learnt from the Tenth Doctor that this resurrection was what made him immortal. (DW: Utopia)

19th century
After Jack was left on Satellite 5, he used the Vortex manipulator in his Time Agency wrist strap to go back to Cardiff, the location of an active space-time rift. Jack ended up in 1869,. His Vortex manipulator burned out and he was unable to leave. The manipulator was later repaired, once by the Tenth Doctor, and once by Jack (with the aid of Martha Jones) but was disabled by the Doctor soon after both occasions as his love life would have him go to places "twice to apologise". (DW: The Sound of Drums/Last of the Time Lords, The Stolen Earth/Journey's End)

Jack chose to remain inCardiff, knowing that the Doctor's TARDIS could re-fuel itself using the rift and that the Doctor would one day return there. Jack appears to have chosen to continue using the Harkness alias, or was at least using when he started working for Torchwood Three. (TW: Fragments) Jack's second death and resurrection occurred when he was shot in 1892 during a fight on Ellis Island. Jack would find that he still aged, but very slowly, and could recover from any degree of physical harm, including death itself, given a few minutes time. (DW: Utopia) In 1898 he helped save a boy, Anthony, from a Lawphorum, which had fallen to Earth. Anthony, a travelling stage show boy, had failed to predict the future of Jack when he asked him how he would die. (DWF: Best Friends) In order to investigate the Night Travellers, he took up this idea and joined a travelling show in which he was billed as "the man who couldn't die". (TW: From Out of the Rain)

Recruitment by Torchwood
In 1899, Torchwood Cardiff agents Alice Guppy and Emily Holroyd found out about Jack's immortality and a connection with the Doctor. They captured Jack and tortured him to discover why he could not die and what connection he had to the Torchwood Institute's enemy. He was released on the condition that he work for Torchwood, an offer which he initially refused outright. The two asked him to reconsider this option, and Jack wound up in a bar, alone until a young cartomancer offered to read him his fortune. To his immense surprise and bewilderment, she imparted a completely accurate prophecy of the Doctor's eventual return to Cardiff 100 years into the future. Left with nothing to do but wait for a full century until his version of the Doctor coincided with his timeline, Jack reconsidered Torchwood's offer and began working for them and awaiting the Doctor's return.

On his first mission for Torchwood, Jack Harkness was sent to stop a criminal Blowfish, which he returned to Torchwood Three's Hub, only to see it killed by a shot to the head. He continued working for Torchwood for over a hundred years, still pursuing his goal of find the Doctor in the meantime. (TW: Fragments)

20th century
In 1909, Jack was traveling through Lahore by train with a group of soldiers under his command, when they were killed by Fairies. Some of the soldiers had recently run over and killed one of the Fairies's Chosen Ones. In revenge, the Fairies suffocated the soldiers by forcing rose petals down their throats. (TW: Small Worlds) Jack's presence in Lahore was part of a con intended to steal the diamond shipments the soldiers were guarding (WEB: torchwood.org.uk); however, he did appear to take his responsibility for the men seriously, however temporary it may have been, enough to be distressed by their deaths. His participation in the con itself was at the direction of (or at least in cooperation with) an unknown agent. Jack later left Torchwood to fight in World War I. In 1914 the Ninth Doctor met a soldier who mentioned to him that Captain Harkness had survived a bullet to the head and was recovering in hospital. (IDW: The Forgotten)

Prior to February 1944, he met Estelle Cole. (WEB: torchwood.org.uk) The pair spent some time in London together. She wanted to spend the rest of her life with him. Somehow, however, this never happened, and they lost touch with one another. (TW: Small Worlds)

In 1965, the alien race known as the 456, communicating through radio, set up a deal: Jack, along with three other military officers whose names he did not know at the time, would deliver to them twelve young orphans as a "gift" at a meeting point in Scotland. In exchange for the children, the unseen aliens would give to them a cure for a new strain of Indonesian flu that the aliens claimed would mutate and kill twenty-five million people. Jack received the assignment specifically because of his immortality, and the perception, as one of the officers later told him, that he "didn't care." Despite his misgivings, Jack followed his orders, and delivered the children. Clement MacDonald, however, slipped away from the exchange, and would have nightmares about Jack for the rest of his life. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Four)

In 1975, Jack and another Torchwood agent, Lucia Moretti, had a daughter, Melissa Moretti, who would age normally. Lucia and Jack split up sometime prior to 1977, and at the request of her mother, their daughter was sent into the Witness Protection Programme, relocated and given the name of Alice Sangster, presumably arising from her mother's fear of the immortal Captain Jack. The application was approved on February 14, 1977; however, Jack eventually rebuilt a relationship with his daughter. Although Jack was a Torchwood agent at this time, he was still considered a freelance operative rather than a full-time employee. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Three)

On several occasions during the 1990s, Jack visited the Powell Estate to watch young Rose Tyler grow up, but did not approach her to avoid disrupting her timeline. (DW: Utopia)

21st century
On New Year's Day 2000, Jack, now a full-time agent for Torchwood Three, suffered a major emotional blow when one of his colleagues, Alex Hopkins, suffered a nervous breakdown and killed the entire Torchwood Three staff. Knowing Jack couldn't die, he did not attempt to kill Jack and waited for him to arrive at the Hub before committing suicide. As the only surviving member of Torchwood Three, he would spend the next few years recruiting new members. (TW: Fragments)

The New Torchwood Three
Over several years Jack rebuilt his decimated organization, recruiting Toshiko Sato from prison in 2004 (TW: Fragments, TW: Greeks Bearing Gifts), and Dr. Owen Harper in 2006. (TW: Fragments) At some stage, Suzie Costello, his second-in-command, joined the team. (TW: Fragments) Jack's activities at the time of the Blaidd Drwg incident in Cardiff, which involved Jack's younger, mortal self, (DW: Boom Town) included keeping the entire Torchwood team on lockdown in the Hub, to prevent them from seeing his younger self, and vice versa. (TWN: The Twilight Streets) After Torchwood One was destroyed in 2007 during the Battle of Canary Wharf, Jack continued to work for Torchwood Three. With Torchwood One gone and Torchwood Four having gotten "lost", Torchwood Three had more or less complete freedom, and used the removal of oversight from Torchwood One as an opportunity to operate according to the ideals Jack thought the Doctor represented. (DW: The Sound of Drums) He took in Ianto Jones, a survivor of Torchwood One, after some heavy persuasion by Ianto himself. (TW: Fragments)

During this time, Jack held on to the hope of re-establishing contact with the Doctor, whom he believed could help him. At some point after Torchwood One destroyed the Sycorax ship in 2006 under orders from Prime Minister Harriet Jones (DW: The Christmas Invasion), Jack obtained a severed hand that had fallen from the Sycorax craft and which was identified as having belonged to the Tenth Doctor. He kept the hand in a portable hyperbaric chamber in Torchwood Three's nerve centre, the Hub, and treated it as a prized possession, much to the occasional consternation of his colleagues. (TW: Everything Changes, End of Days) He eventually relinquished the hand to the Tenth Doctor. (DW: Last of the Time Lords)

After his colleague Suzie Costello was exposed as a serial murderer and shot herself, Jack recruited Police Constable Gwen Cooper as Torchwood's newest member. (TW: Everything Changes) Over the coming months, he helped train Gwen in dealing with aliens and alien weaponry, and before long, she had become second in command, taking over for him during his later absence. (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang) He revealed very little of himself or his origins to his team, even when pursuing a flirtatious relationship with Gwen (TW: Ghost Machine) and a more physical one with Ianto Jones. (TW: They Keep Killing Suzie et al) Although he rarely confided in the team, preferring to keep his past a secret, Gwen learned about his immortality, as did the others later. Jack often showed great compassion for the team and innocents who were caught up in Torchwood's missions (TW: Out of Time), even though he demonstrated a far more ruthless side in dispatching the team's enemies than the Doctor might have exercised. (TW: Countrycide)

At some point during this time, Jack was kidnapped and Gwen searched for him. This event would later be significant to Miracle Day. (WC: Web of Lies)

Transported back to 1941 by the Rift, Jack met his namesake, the original Jack Harkness, and briefly romanced him before returning to the 21st century. (TW: Captain Jack Harkness)

After the Rift was finally opened by Owen Harper, Jack returned from the past along with Toshiko. Jack was forced to confront Abaddon, who was released from the rift after Bilis Manger manipulated the rest of the Torchwood team to fully open the Rift. Abbadon was destroyed while attempting to leech Jack's life, though the exertion resulted in Jack remaining dead for three days, his immortality apparently unable to save him. He was brought back to life after a kiss from Gwen. (TW: End of Days) A short while after his resurrection, Jack noticed the Doctor's hand begin to glow. From inside of the Hub, Jack recognised the sound of the TARDIS materialising, elated after decades of waiting by the knowledge that the young cartomancer's prophecy had been fulfilled and that a version of the Doctor he knew was returning to refuel. By the time the rest of the Torchwood team arrived to investigate the sound, Jack had gone. (TW: End of Days)

Reunion with the Doctor
Having heard the TARDIS, Jack left the Hub chasing after the sound. With the Doctor's hand in a backpack, he managed to jump onto the ship before it dematerialised and re-materialised in the year 100,000,000,000,000. Jack is the only individual known to have withstood a trip through the vortex on the exterior of a TARDIS, thanks to his immortality. The Tenth Doctor and Jack had an awkward reunion. Jack made the happy discovery, though, that Rose Tyler had not been killed in the Battle of Canary Wharf. They met and helped Professor Yana to build a spaceship in order to help the last humans in the universe reach Utopia. After Yana opened a fob watch, the Master regained control, regenerated and took off in the TARDIS, leaving Jack, the Doctor and Martha stranded at the end of the universe. (DW: Utopia)
 * For a full discussion of these incarnations of the Master, see Yana and Harold Saxon.

The Doctor, Jack and Martha traveled back to 2008 with the aid of Jack's vortex manipulator (part of his Time Agency wrist strap), which the Doctor modified. The newly regenerated Master had been elected as Prime Minister. After being listed as one of the most wanted persons in the UK, Jack was captured on the Valiant along with the Doctor. He gave his vortex manipulator to Martha, allowing her to escape by teleporting to the ground. (DW: The Sound of Drums)

After Jack had been imprisoned and tortured on the Valiant for one year, Martha Jones helped the Doctor and Jack to gain control of the ship, and Jack destroyed the Master's paradox machine using a Heckler & Koch G36 assault rifle. This resulted in time reverting one year. Only those aboard the Valiant at the time retained any memory of the year's events (see The Year That Never Was).

After the Master's death, Jack had the opportunity to end his long exile on Earth, but out of loyalty to his Torchwood team, he decided to stay. (DW: Last of the Time Lords) At some point in the course of events, the Doctor obtained his severed hand from Jack. (DW: The Doctor's Daughter)

Return to Torchwood Three
Jack returned to Torchwood and the team, saving the life of a woman being menaced by a Blowfish. While this took place, there was some Rift activity and John Hart from the Time Agency appeared in Cardiff. Jack tracked him to a bar, where they reunited with a passionate kiss followed by a lengthy bar brawl. John caused quite a bit of trouble before leaving Cardiff via the Rift, but disclosed to Jack that his brother Gray had been found. (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang) After Jack met Martha Jones while fighting the Master, he invited her onto the team for a few days. He asked her to investigate The Pharm, a medical organization that could cure diseases thought incurable. He ordered Toshiko to close the Pharm down. But the Pharm manager shot Owen Harper and then Jack shot him. Martha stayed for a few more days and he put her in charge as Medical oOficer. (TW: Reset)

Unwilling to accept the loss of another teammate, Jack tracked down the other resurrection glove and brought back Owen Harper. The attempt, though successful, left Owen unable to digest food, sleep, or enjoy sex. In addition, the glove released an extradimensional alien, the embodiment of death, Durac. Owen saved the day by using his new condition to stifle the needs of the entity, but still expressed a deep resentment towards his former leader. A regretful Jack was forced to temporarily relieve Owen until he could acclimatize. (TW: A Day in the Death)

Second destruction of Torchwood Three
Jack's team came under further pressure when Captain John Hart returned, laying bombs within a warehouse in an attempt to kill all of the Torchwood Three team. This failed and Jack found a message from John on his vortex manipulator, which included an appearance by Gray. Shaken, Jack immediately went back to the Hub to confront Captain Hart, leaving the other members of the team to deal with their respective challenges. (TW: Fragments) On meeting John again, Jack was killed before being chained up and made to listen whilst John explained his predicament. Jack's rogue partner then detonated strategically placed bombs in and around Cardiff, obliterating the city before abducting Jack and taking both of them back through time to Cardiff in 27 AD. Here, Jack discovered that John was being manipulated by Gray, who marked his return by stabbing Jack in cold blood. Gray then forced John to bury Jack alive, twenty feet beneath what would become Cardiff. Gray, transformed into a merciless, sadistic beast by a lifetime of horrific torture, blamed Jack for letting go of his hand when they were children and wanted Jack to experience a similar, never-ending pain by choking on dirt, thrashing on the edge of life every time he revived, only to die again. (TW: Exit Wounds) Before burying Jack, John, finally pushed too far by the awareness of how wrong his actions were, slipped a signet ring into the grave with him, hoping that the signal it emitted could be used to locate Jack.

Stuck in a cycle of death and resurrection for centuries, Jack was discovered by Alice Guppy and Charles Gaskell of Torchwood in 1901, who had picked up the signal of John's ring (an act which confused his Time Agent partner, who had returned to the 21st century to rescue him, thinking that the ring, despite being 'guaranteed 5 millenia', had malfunctioned). Back in the early 20th century, Jack, insistent that he could not be allowed to cross his own timeline (for by now two versions of Jack were present – his past self and present self) demanded to be placed in cryopreservation for 107 years until the present day. Despite being baffled, the two granted him this request and Jack awoke again inside Torchwood Three concurrent to Gray's mayhem – just in time to prevent Gray from finishing off Toshiko with a bullet. Despite Gray's own unwillingness to absolve him, Jack forgave his brother of his trespasses. Left with no other option, a tearful Jack chloroformed and cryopreserved Gray, refusing to kill him, but the damage had already been done, as Gray had been responsible for the deaths of Owen Harper and Toshiko Sato. Jack and John parted ways on better terms, with John travelling the world of the 21st century, determined to find out why Jack found the time period so interesting. Torchwood Three would continue on, reduced to Jack, Ianto and Gwen. (TW: Exit Wounds)

On September 9, Martha phoned Jack for help with the CERN's Large Hadron Collider. He, Ianto and Gwen flew there, met up with Martha, investigated twelve accidents, and found a creature that fed on neutrons. (BBCR: Lost Souls)

Against the Daleks
Later, when the Earth was relocated by the Daleks to the Medusa Cascade, Harriet Jones, a former Prime Minister and acquaintance of the Tenth Doctor, contacted Torchwood and other allies of the Doctor via the Sub-Wave Network. After receiving vital information from Martha that allowed him to reactivate his vortex manipulator, Jack teleported to the Doctor's side just as a Dalek shot him. (DW: The Stolen Earth)

Subsequently, after the Doctor's regeneration aborted, Jack boarded the Crucible and surrendered to the Dalek forces. He attempted to shoot the Supreme Dalek and was "exterminated". He subsequently burrowed into the Crucible and linked up with Sarah Jane Smith (with whom he flirted), Mickey Smith and Jackie Tyler. He attempted to use Sarah Jane's Warp star to bluff the Daleks into calling off the detonation of the reality bomb but was ultimately transported to Davros' chamber instead. He helped pilot the TARDIS as it returned the Earth to its original location. He offered Martha Jones a permanent position with Torchwood, and soon after was joined by Mickey, but not before the Doctor deactivated his vortex manipulator once again, refusing to run the risk of allowing him to travel in time. (DW: Journey's End) It was some time around here that Jack made a series of tutorial videos about Adipose, Pyrovile, Ood, Sontarans, Slitheen, Hath, Vespiforms, Vashta Nerada, Judoon, Midnight, The Trickster's Brigade, Daleks, Davros, festive aliens and Cybermen in The Hub. These were confiscated by UNIT and were made top-secret footage. (WC: Captain Jack's Monster Files)

Fighting the 456
Jack's past would return to haunt him when the 456, in need of more subjects for their drug production, once more contacted humanity by using the children of Earth as a collective mouthpiece. The British government, fearing that the secret of the deal would come out, assigned John Frobisher to deal with the situation. Frobisher, knowing Jack's role as part of the team which had negotiated with the 456, reluctantly ordered Jack's assassination. Speculating, incorrectly, that the Hub had special properties which enabled Jack's regenerative abilities, Frobisher insisted on the complete destruction of the Hub, along with Jack, who was already attempting to investigate by seeking to examine his grandson Steven. The government, through a ruse involving their agent Rupesh Patanjali, killed Jack and planted a bomb inside his body before he revived. When Jack, unsuspecting, returned to the Hub, the bomb detonated, destroying both Jack's body and the Hub, but not before Jack managed to evacuate Gwen and Ianto. (TW: Children of Earth: Day One)

A covert ops team conveyed Jack's scattered remains to a holding facility, where he slowly regenerated his body and returned to life. When, Frobisher's chief of operations in the taskforce, realized that destroying the Hub had not rendered Jack mortal, she had him encased in concrete. Gwen and Ianto, however, had not been idle, and with the help of Rhys and Ianto's sister Rhiannon, they infiltrated the facility and rescued him.

With Ianto's knowlege of Torchwood One's old infrastructure, and a little criminal mischief orchestrated by Gwen, Jack headquartered his team inside a former Torchwood facility. Gwen arranged for the protection of former 456 victim Clem MacDonald by bringing him to "Hub 2," as Rhys came to call it. Jack himself tracked down Frobisher and warned him to call off the assasination, or the 1965 incident would be disclosed. However, Frobisher countered with a new bombshell: Johnson's team had taken Jack's daughter Alice and grandson Steven hostage in order to ensure Jack's silence in the plans to negotiate terms with the 456. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Three) Jack, Gwen, Ianto and Rhys retaliated by persuading Lois Habiba to collect incriminating evidence against the entire Cabinet regarding the new terms, then threatining full disclosure unless Torchwood was allowed access to the 456. Storming into Thames House to confront the aliens, Jack and Ianto promised a "fight to the death." In response, the 456 released a virus into the Thames House, killing all inside. Among the victims was Ianto, who died in Jack's arms. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Four)

A tearful Captain Jack surrendered to the authorities, blaming himself for Ianto's death. He instructed Gwen to have Rhys surrender himself as well, and arranged for the couple to return to Cardiff, with instructions to inform Rhiannon of her brother's death, and to see to the needs of her family. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Five)

As the world governments began capitulating to the demands of the 456, and began rounding up children by the millions, Jack found himself sprung from prison by a surprise ally - Agent Johnson, who had become disillusioned and convinced by Alice to take a stand. With the aid of Johnson and Mr. Dekker, who had managed to escape the massacre at Thames House, Jack devised a way to defeat the 456 using a reconstitution wave of a similar wavelength to that the 456 had used to kill Clem, using the children as one vast transmitter. There was one major catch: in order for it to work, the wave needed to be channeled through one child, for whom the force of the transmission would be deadly. Only one child was available to serve as the "transmitter." Ignoring his daughter's screams and protests, Jack used his own grandson, Steven, as the prime transmitter. The plan succeeded, and the 456 were violently ejected from Earth. However, Steven died as a result, and Alice severed all contact with Jack, walking away without speaking a word. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Five)

Jack was declared dead as a result of the 456 Regulation. (TW: The New World)

Leaving Torchwood Three
Jack then went on to travel the world. He did not find it enough to rid himself of his guilt. After six months he returned to Cardiff to destroy The House of the Dead, and encountered the ghost of Ianto Jones, and the couple finally confessed their love to each other for the first and last time. (BBCR: The House of the Dead) Shortly afterwards, after saying goodbye to Gwen and Rhys, he used his vortex manipulator (which Rhys and Gwen had retrieved from the ruins of Torchwood) to signal a nearby cold fusion freighter near the edge of the Sol system and teleported off into space. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Five)

Some time later, Jack was in Zaggit Zagoo, a city on the planet Zog, drowning his sorrows in a local bar and surrounded by various alien species, when a barman handed him a folded piece of paper which indicated that someone's name was Alonso. Looking up, he saw the Tenth Doctor staring back, before gesturing towards the man approaching the bar. Seizing the opportunity, Jack addressed Alonso by his first name and told him that he was psychic when asked how he knew him. The Doctor left as Jack continued to flirt with Alonso. (DW: The End of Time)

Return to Earth
Jack returned to planet Earth when the word "Torchwood" was emailed all around the world, coinciding with the start of the Miracle Day phenomenon. He used malware to expunge evidence of Torchwood from the Internet, and went to the CIA hard copy records to clear the last of the information, where he encountered CIA agent Esther Drummond, on whom he used Retcon. Jack used the alias "Owen Harper" as he gathered more information. On Miracle Day, Jack lost his superhuman healing. He followed Rex Matheson, also CIA, to Wales, as part of his efforts to protect Gwen. There, they fought off assassins. Matheson extradited Jack and Gwen to the United States. (TW: The New World)

Forced onto a plane headed for America, Jack had his Vortex manipulator confiscated by Rex and was handcuffed to his seat. Hearing his manipulator beeping, Jack informed Rex that it has detected he had low sodium levels. Jack asked for a Coke and was poisoned with arsenic by corrupt C.I.A. agent Lyn Peterfeild. He was cured of the poison by Rex and Gwen with the help of Dr. Vera. Upon arrival at the airport, Jack (along with Gwen) was freed by Rex as the C.I.A. has become corrupt and now wished to make them seem the bad guys. After Lyn's head was broken and the guards knocked out, Jack boarded the car of Rex's fellow ex-agent, Esther, and was rushed from the airport after briefly meetering the doctor who had saved his life over the phone. (TW: Rendition)

Jack took command of the now ex-C.I.A. agents with Gwen to form a new Torchwood team. They began stealing materials needed for operations. Soon coming into possesion pf the phone of the CIA director who had given the orders to eliminate Torchwood, Jack led the team to a warehouse owned by PhiCorp. Inside was a stockpile of painkiller drugs, indicating that they knew "Miracle Day" would happen. Seemingly out of character, Jack decided to take the night off from his usual persistence in solving such a mystery. The following night, Jack confronted PhiCorp's new public face, Oswald Danes and got him to admit his true feelings about his crime. Jack realised that Danes wished desperately for death. He was tossed out by Dane's guards. (TW: Dead of Night)

Donna's World
If Donna Noble had turned right instead of left, stopping herself from ever meeting and saving the Tenth Doctor, Jack would have lost fellow Torchwood members Gwen Cooper and Ianto Jones, who sacrificed their lives to save the Earth from the Sontarans' plan involving ATMOS, and would have been transported to Sontar, the Sontaran homeworld and possibly captured and tortured. (DW: Turn Left)

Undated events

 * As indicated above, Jack has worked for Torchwood since the late 19th century; to date only a handful of his missions prior to the recruitment of Gwen Cooper are known (TW: From Out of the Rain, Fragments, Exit Wounds)
 * Jack had a memorable experience once on a hunting expedition (DW: Boom Town).
 * Jack once quipped about the time he got pregnant, a memorable experience, though not necessarily in a good way. (TW: Everything Changes)
 * Jack had direct or indirect knowledge of the Cybermen of our universe (TW: Cyberwoman) and even stated that he knew what would happen in the Cyber-Wars of the future. (WC: Captain Jack's Monster Files)
 * Jack related to a captive that he had experience in torturing prisoners, and that, "a long time ago", he had "quite a reputation as the go-to guy" in the event of needing to force information out of a person. (TW: Countrycide)
 * Given that he wanted to frighten a prisoner into divulging information at the time, he may have lied or stretched the truth.

This event appears to have occurred prior to his first encounter with the Ninth Doctor. ''Whether these were from his career in Torchwood, or on his presence on Earth before meeting the Ninth Doctor, is unclear. Though one of the photos did appear to be from his time in the RAF.''
 * He once worked for an employer named Vincent, who surprised "his" staff by coming out as a male-to-female transsexual renamed Vanessa. (TW: Greeks Bearing Gifts)
 * Jack once had a boyfriend with no mouth. (TW: Fragments)
 * Jack implied that he was present at the extinction of the dinosaurs and said that he had eaten some of them, stating that: "... there was nothing else around after the meteor hit." (TW: Fragments) Jack appears to be unaware that the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused not by a meteor, but a space freighter that exploded, killing the Fifth Doctor's companion Adric. (DW: Earthshock)
 * At some point, and over an unknown period of time, Jack made a number of top secret video recordings providing information on the various alien races encountered by planet Earth. The timing of these recordings and why they were made remains unknown. (WC: Captain Jack's Monster Files)
 * Although not necessarily "adventures" per se, Jack has made references to having romantic relationships with several 20th century notables, including Christopher Isherwood (TW: Reset) and Marcel Proust. (TW: Dead Man Walking)
 * Esther Drummond found photos of Jack in the CIA Archive dated 1925 and 1939. (TW: The New World)

Personality
Jack Harkness' personality was willfully enigmatic; Jack was fond of his persona of 'mysterious time traveler,' much of which remained constant in his experiences with Torchwood and the Doctor. He would take to saying "I'm sorry. I'm so sorry.", much like the Doctor, when something particularly tragic happened to someone. Prior to being cursed with immortality, Jack Harkness was a flippant time traveller and former con man who loved adventuring with the Doctor and seducing beings throughout the galaxy. By nature, Jack flirted with most people he met, not caring about their gender or if they were human, alien or even robots. (DW: Bad Wolf, Utopia, The End of Time)

Besides being a flirt, Jack was a drinker. He once remarked that on one occassion when he was sentenced to death, he got drunk and ended up in bed with both his executioners. He told Rose that he preferred to discuss business while he was drinking. (DW: The Empty Child) Jack claimed to the Ninth Doctor that before he met him he had been a coward and said that he might have been better off that way. (DW: The Parting of the Ways)

Despite the fact that he was incapable of dying even if he wanted to, Jack retained a sense of humour, frequently telling jokes and being lively and cheerful. However, underneath his cheerful demeanour, Jack was unsure if he wanted to die or not. (DW Utopia) Living forever (or at least as near to forever as a human can live) brought him to an existential philosophical viewpoint. While he joked about gray hairs and remained silent about mortality, Jack saw death as the ultimate end of being; there was no afterlife and no one waiting for him from his past lives. Although he was generally friendly and flirtatious, Jack could also be ruthless at times and did not hesitate to kill anyone or anything that he felt was a threat. This trait sometimes got him into trouble with his allies in Torchwood who disapproved of his lack of compassion. On one occassion Owen Harper shot him because he felt that Jack didn't care about what they had lost. (TW: End of Days) Although he could be aggressive, Jack still cared deeply about his allies and was devastated when any of them were harmed or killed. (TW: Exit Wounds, Children of Earth: Day Five)

Always being a vocal, unreliable narrator of his own adventures, Jack Harkness was much of a mystery to the people he encountered as much as the countless numbers of lives he has claimed to have led. Jack continued to protect himself with an air of mystery, considering no one he has encountered thus far knows his real name or many details about his career or life. Regardless, he often told anecdotes about his sex life. However, no one knew how many were real or how many have been fabricated. Though he professed "responsibility" to be his motto after The Year That Never Was, the utter devastation Jack experienced in the space of five days over the course of the 456 incident and the death of Ianto Jones left him wracked with guilt and grief, unable to remain on Earth. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Five)

Jack was haunted by the loss of his younger brother Gray and spent many decades searching for him. He blamed himself for Gray's disappearance because he'd let go of his hand when they were fleeing from aliens during their childhood. Jack loved his brother deeply and even after Gray turned against him, Jack told him that he forgave him. (TW: Exit Wounds)

Deaths
Jack has died multiple times. Jack fought in World War I and World War II During The Year That Never Was, the Master frequently killed Jack for fun By this time, Jack has died at least 1392 times
 * Shot by a Dalek (DW: The Parting of the Ways)
 * Shot in the heart (DW: Utopia)
 * Stabbed with a broken bottle (TW: Fragments)
 * Shot by Alice Guppy (TW: Fragments)
 * Fell off of a cliff (DW: Utopia)
 * Trampled by Horses (DW: Utopia)
 * Shot through the head (IDW: The Forgotten)
 * Poisoned (DW: Utopia)
 * Strangled (DW: Utopia)
 * Hit by a stray javelin (DW: Utopia)
 * Shot by Suzie Costello (TW: Everything Changes)
 * Electrocuted by Lisa Hallett (TW: Cyberwoman)
 * Shot by Owen Harper (TW: End of Days)
 * "Devoured" by Abaddon (TW: End of Days)
 * Torn through the Time Vortex (DW: Utopia)
 * Electrocuted by power-wire (DW: Utopia)
 * Shot by the Master (DW: The Sound of Drums)
 * Shot by Toclafane (DW: Last of the Time Lords)
 * Shot by guards trying to get to the paradox machine. (DW: Last of the Time Lords)
 * Pushed off a building by John Hart (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang)
 * Killed by the Grim Reaper (TW: Dead Man Walking)
 * Stabbed in falling building (TW: Fragments)
 * Shot, multiple times, by John Hart (TW: Exit Wounds)
 * Stabbed by Gray (TW: Exit Wounds)
 * Buried underneath dirt for nearly two thousand years, killing him many times over the time he spent buried (TW: Exit Wounds)
 * Shot by the Supreme Dalek (DW: Journey's End)
 * Incinerated by a Dalek Furnace (DW: Journey's End)
 * Shot by Rupesh Patanjali (TW: Children of Earth: Day One)
 * Shot by Johnson (TW: Children of Earth: Day One)
 * Blown up from the inside out (TW: Children of Earth: Day One, Children of Earth: Day Two)
 * Buried in cement (TW: Children of Earth: Day Two)
 * Shot by Clement MacDonald (TW: Children of Earth: Day Four)
 * Succumbed to the 456's virus (TW: Children of Earth: Day Four)

Special abilities
Since his resurrection by the Bad Wolf entity (DW: The Parting of the Ways), Jack could die and come back to life almost instantly (TW: Everything Changes onwards), although on occasion his resurrection was delayed if he experienced enough trauma. (TW: End of Days) An interesting side effect, albeit it was only used once on record, was the ability to transfer a little of his life force to another being, allowing that person to recover very quickly. He could also re-grow limbs, organs, bones, etc. After a bomb that was planted in his stomach exploded, he was able to fully regenerate from just an arm, a shoulder, and part of his head in a bit over twelve hours. His bones grew back first, followed by his internal organs, and lastly his skin. The process of resurrection could often be very painful, especially in this instance. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Two) He also endured events which might have burned or vaporized regular humans, such as stet radiation. (DW: Utopia) Jack viewed this power as a curse as much as a blessing, as each time he died he did not experience anything at all, good or bad (TW: Everything Changes), although the process of resurrection was described as being "hauled over broken glass." (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang)

Notably, although Jack quickly recovered from fatal injuries, he has been shown to sustain more minor wounds such as a cut lip or a black eye and retain them for a while after the injury was inflicted, demonstrating that his immortality was just that and would not facilitate his ability to cope with less serious injuries, although it is unclear whether this would apply if Jack broke any limbs or was paralysed (TW: Cyberwoman, Fragments). However, these wounds healed much more quickly then the average human's, and were usually gone within a day or so.

It was impossible to calculate how many times Jack died and resurrected since his first death from the Dalek blast. By the time John Hart killed him in a warehouse bombing, he had died at least 1,392 times (TW: Fragments), starting from 1892, when he first discovered his immortality. (DW: Utopia) However, Jack was subsequently buried alive by his brother, Gray, in 27 AD, and endured a cycle of suffocation deaths and resurrection – potentially hundreds of thousands – before being finally rescued in 1901. (TW: Exit Wounds)

The Tenth Doctor explained to Jack about his power after their reunion: Rose resurrected him as the Bad Wolf entity with the power of the Time Vortex after his first death, when he was shot by a Dalek. She couldn't totally control the power she wielded and she brought him back forever by accident. The Doctor, then in his ninth incarnation knew from the moment it had happened and so abandoned Jack in the future. The Tenth Doctor said that Jack was a fixed point in time, an impossible thing which the Doctor had trouble even looking at and even the TARDIS tried to get rid of him. The Doctor said that he was unable to undo Jack's resurrection power and didn't know if Jack would ever truly die. (DW: Utopia)

During the events of Miracle Day, Jack discovers that he has lost some portion of his immortality, as he realized that the wounds he sustained which should have healed quickly had not. He concluded that while everyone on Earth seems to have become immortal, he has become mortal and human once again, although it was initially unclear whether this was a deliberate consequence of Miracle Day or if the Miracle simply 'crossed wires' with the immortal Jack and made him mortal. (TW: The New World; Rendition)


 * See "Future Possibility as the Face of Boe", below, for a potential consequence.

Like other men in the 51st century, Jack possessed evolved human pheromones which made him naturally nice-smelling and attractive to others. (TW: Fragments)

Tosh could not use Mary's telepathy pendant to read his thoughts, although he could project thoughts to Tosh if he so chose. Tosh likened it to trying to read a dead man, and Jack confirmed that he knew someone was trying to read his mind. (TW: Greeks Bearing Gifts)

Jack had no other superhuman abilities as such, but was in excellent physical condition and an expert in various firearms. He demonstrated extremely fast reflexes, such as when he noticed and fired on a Dalek seconds after teleporting from Cardiff to London (DW: The Stolen Earth)

Future as the Face of Boe
Jack had mentioned that in his childhood home, the Boeshane Peninsula, he was referred to as the "Face of Boe," a poster-boy name resulting from being the first one ever to sign up to the Time Agency (DW: Last of the Time Lords). Jack had previously mentioned that he did know of the Face of Boe, a being that existed for billions of years (NSA: The Stealers of Dreams). Remaining unsure of his continued aging process due to seeing gray hairs over hundreds of years, Jack inquires with the Tenth Doctor about his facial appearance if he were to live for a million years and was told he is an "impossible thing," knowing something he had already been told before with no concise answer as to his fate.

Multiple Jacks
Due to Jack's immortality and time travel, there have been several occasions in which several Jacks existed on Earth at the same time. At the time of Jack's first encounter with the Ninth Doctor in World War II, there were three versions on Earth: the young mortal Jack who subsequently joined the Ninth Doctor and Rose (DW: The Empty Child/The Doctor Dances); the immortal Jack working for Torchwood (location at this point in time unknown); and a still older Jack being kept in cryogenic sleep at the Torchwood Three Hub in Cardiff. Later, when the Doctor, Rose, and Jack arrived in Cardiff prior to the Blaidd Drwg power station incident, they were only feet away from the Torchwood Three Hub where the older Jack was based and the cryogenically frozen Jack awaited resurrection. (DW: Boom Town) Yet another trio of Jacks existed on Earth, again during World War II, when the immortal Jack accidentally passed through a rift in time back to World War II, when in fact not only were there three Jacks (the 21st century Jack, the 1940s Torchwood member Jack and the frozen Jack) but a fourth as the original user of the name was also present. (TW: Captain Jack Harkness)

Possessions
When Rose and the Ninth Doctor first met him, Jack owned a small Chula Ship, fitted for human use, as well as psychic paper and a store of nanogenes in the ship. When saving the Doctor and Rose by carrying a German bomb a safe distance away from London, the bomb explodes inside the ship, but luckily, the Doctor and Rose saved him. (DW: The Empty Child, The Doctor Dances) In contrast to the Doctor, Jack Harkness was far more willing to use weapons and was capable of modifying equipment to that end. Jack owned a sonic blaster. (DW: The Doctor Dances) He also managed to store a Compact Laser Deluxe away somewhere "you really don't wanna know"', in case of emergencies. (DW: Bad Wolf) During his travels with the Doctor, he modified the Defabricator, to be capable of destroying a Dalek. (DW: The Parting of the Ways/The Stolen Earth) As the leader of Torchwood Three, Jack liked to carry a World War II Webley. (TW: Everything Changes)

Romantic interests
Although once described as gay by Owen Harper, Jack was, correctly, omnisexual, in that he found both males and females attractive and not exclusively humans, either. He has had many lovers of both sexes and of numerous species. By nature, Jack flirted with nearly everyone he met. The earliest known example is his Time Agency partner Captain John Hart (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang), but Jack also recalled lovers from his Time Agency days such as his would-be executioners (a couple) and a boyfriend with no mouth.

Some time after leaving the Time Agency, he became a con man during World War II and had an affair with a soldier named Algy. (DW: The Doctor Dances) While traveling at their side, Jack appeared to develop romantic feelings for Rose Tyler and the Ninth Doctor, kissing them both on the mouth upon leaving them to fight the Daleks. (DW: The Parting of the Ways) The Doctor chose neither to encourage nor discourage Jack, though he himself did little more than playfully tease Jack. (DW: Boom Town)

While stranded on Earth between 1869 and 2007, Jack alluded to countless romances. He is known to have dated notables Christopher Isherwood (TW: Reset) and Marcel Proust (TW: Dead Man Walking), and may have had a sexual relationship with Alan Turing (TWN: The Twilight Streets). Other mentions include acrobatic twins and the possibility of relationships with other coworkers and acquaintances, such as Duchess Eleanor. (BBCR: Golden Age)

Of his more significant relationships, in the early 1940s, Jack fell in love and developed a relationship with a Torchwood coworker named Greg Bishop. (TWN: The Twilight Streets) Later in the 40s, he had a relationship with Estelle Cole but seemingly disappeared out of her life forever one day (TW: Small Worlds). In this period, Jack also became married -- as black and white photos showed -- but outlived his wife. (TW: Something Borrowed) In the late 1960s, Jack met and had a brief relationship with involuntary time-traveler Michael Bellini. (TWN: Trace Memory) Later still, with Torchwood agent Lucia Moretti, Jack was the father to Alice Carter (TW: Children of Earth) (who in turn produced a grandson).

In the early 21st century, Jack recruited Gwen Cooper, with whom he had a great deal of sexual tension (but she ultimately chose her boyfriend Rhys Williams, whom she later married), and Ianto Jones, whom he developed a romantic relationship with. Despite these burgeoning relationships, Jack met the real Captain Jack Harkness after traveling back in time and the two developed a romantic bond, culminating in a kiss upon their pained farewell. (TW: Captain Jack Harkness) The relationship with Ianto, however, was close enough for him to surrender the world to the 456 to stop them killing Ianto. This did not save him, and the relationship was tragically ended. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Four) It was also close enough for Jack to attempt to stay in the Rift after it closed forever, not wanting to live in a world without Ianto. Ianto tricked Jack into not attempting suicide, killing himself (or, technically, his spirit). Before Ianto died for the second time, though, the two finally confessed their love to each other. (BBCR: The House of the Dead)

Jack also met and was attracted to Martha Jones, the handsome Tenth Doctor and even fleetingly to the Malmooth Chantho and a human male refugee on Malcassairo. (DW: Utopia) On witnessing Martha's obvious unrequited love for the Doctor, Jack commented, "You, too, huh?" (DW: The Sound of Drums) When he returned and John Hart departed (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang), he began an exclusive relationship with Ianto, though he continued to flirt with everyone he met. During the Medusa Cascade incident, Jack confessed to being a fan of Sarah Jane Smith, because of her triumph against the Slitheen, which did come to some flirting. (DW: The Stolen Earth)

He was later introduced to Alonso Frame by the Tenth Doctor during his last farewells prior to regenerating into his eleventh body. Although they certainly flirted with each other, it is unknown whether they merely had a fling, or if this grew into something more serious. (DW: The End of Time)

Relatives
Jack's known relatives were his father, Franklin, his younger brother, Gray, and his (unnamed) mother. His father was killed during an attack on the Boeshane Peninsula. Gray later turned against his brother and was eventually cryogenically frozen in the Torchwood Hub; the Hub's subsequent destruction during the 456 incident renders Gray's fate unclear. (TW: Children of Earth: Day One)

He also had at least one wife, all but one of whose names are unknown. On Earth he had a daughter, Melissa Moretti (now known as Alice Carter), and a grandson, Steven Carter; Steven died at the resolution of the 456 incident, and Jack's relationship with his daughter became estranged.

The fact his daughter was aging and his grandson died indicates that Jack's immortality could not be passed genetically. By this time, Jack's only known living relative was his daughter, Alice. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Five


 * Franklin - father (deceased 51st century) (TW: Adam)
 * Unknown - mother (TW: Adam)
 * Gray - brother (frozen 2009)
 * Unknown - wife (deceased mid-to-late 20th century) (TW: Something Borrowed)
 * Estelle Cole - long-term partner (deceased 2007) (TW: Small Worlds)
 * Lucia Moretti - long-term partner (deceased 2006) (TW: Children of Earth: Day Three)
 * Alice Carter (born Melissa Moretti) - daughter
 * Joe Carter - ex-son in law (TW: Children of Earth: Day Three)
 * Steven Carter - grandson (deceased 2009)

Behind the scenes

 * Jack Harkness' first name was originally "Jax", in Russell T Davies's original production outline. In this, Jack's proper name was Jax, and he was using the Jack alias as a cover in World War II. The name was later abandoned due to its similarity to other names in the wider Doctor Who Universe.
 * Davies has said he got the surname "Harkness" from Agatha Harkness, a recurring character from the Fantastic Four comic book. However, this is not the first time he has used the name Harkness. He used it in previously in one of his earlier works, Century Falls.
 * John Barrowman revealed that Jack does sleep and that he has a bed located down a ladder underneath a manhole cover near his office (revealed on The Friday Night Project, a late-night talk show) This bed and manhole are seen in Small Worlds.
 * Jack Harkness has the distinction of being the first ongoing character in the televised Doctor Who universe to be definitely confirmed as being non-heterosexual (although, as described above, it is not strictly correct to refer to him as homo- or bisexual either, more omnisexual). However, in the expanded Doctor Who universe he is far from the first, as Seventh Doctor companion Chris Cwej was revealed to be bisexual in the 1996 Virgin New Adventures novel Damaged Goods (written by Russell T Davies), while Third Doctor-era recurring character Mike Yates was "outed" as gay in NA: Happy Endings (although there is no suggestion of this in the televised episodes, which showed him flirting with Jo Grant on occasion). The Doctor Who Magazine Eighth Doctor comics featured recurring character Fey Truscott-Sade, and the Doctor's companion Izzy Sinclair came out as a lesbian in her final regular appearance in Oblivion.
 * Much like Nicola Bryant's portrayal of Peri, sometimes Barrowman uses word choices and pronunciations that an American wouldn't use. The most obvious example is in his way of saying "estrogen" in TW: Everything Changes. (This is mainly because the word is spelt oestrogen in British English.) However it needs to be noted that Harkness was not an American, but rather someone from the far future who has pretended to be one, like he did during the "miracle" period (TW: Rendition). Furthermore, it is established that he has spent much of his life (especially after gaining immortality) based in the British Isles or travelling with "British-speaking" companions such as the Doctor and Rose Tyler. There is nothing to say that Harkness has actually been using an "American" accent; his accent may actually be Boeshanean or something else. Jack's family have been shown to speak with similar accents to his.
 * Jack Harkness wore the rank slide of a Group Captain but has been addressed, incorrectly, as "Captain". However, in his initial appearance in Doctor Who he was incorrectly wearing the cap and insignia of a Squadron Leader.
 * The implication that Jack is destined to become the Face of Boe is not considered set in stone due to Russell T Davies waffling over the issue during the DVD commentary for Last of the Time Lords, in which he would not commit absolutely to Jack becoming the Face in the future. However, in media and public (i.e. science fiction convention) statements, producer Julie Gardner, along with both John Barrowman and David Tennant, have all gone on record as saying that Jack is the Face of Boe.
 * While promoting Torchwood: Miracle Day Davies insisted that the idea of Jack living to become the Face of Boe is just a conjecture, and the possibility of Jack not surviving Torchwood remains.
 * Jack appeared in every series of the show during Russell T Davies' tenure, with the exception of Series 2 (unless he is really the Face of Boe).
 * Jack is similar to the Doctor in that both are time travellers with a form of immortality that don't go by their real names, and both are main characters of a TV show.
 * Jack is one of only three of the Doctor's assistants (the others being Sarah Jane Smith and K9) to get their own spin-off show.
 * In the Declassified segment for Children of Earth, Russell T Davies states that Jack has several children other than Alice.
 * Jack was originally slated to appear in the Doctor Who Series 6 episode A Good Man Goes to War, working with the Eleventh Doctor's army. However, John Barrowman was unable to appear due to the filming of Torchwood: Miracle Day.
 * Steven Moffat has stated that he and John Barrowman have discussed the possibility of Jack returning alongside the Eleventh Doctor at some point in the near future.