Friedrich Nietzsche

Nietzsche was a philosopher. He dealt in morality, (AUDIO: The Spectre of Lanyon Moor) and one of his concepts involved a metaphorical abyss, that stared back at you. (PROSE: Uranus)

Evelyn Smythe thought that Aleister Crowley was, at the very best, a cut-price Nietzsche. (AUDIO: The Spectre of Lanyon Moor)

Prentis Duke hated the grey void of hyperspace, as if you looked too hard into it, "it became Nietzche's abyss, grinning back at you." (PROSE: Uranus)

Behind the scenes
In The Dying Days, the Eighth Doctor paraphrases Nietszche's Beyond Good and Evil:
 * "I've gazed into the abyss already, Xznaal, and the abyss gazed into me. It fled from what it saw. Monsters who fight with me should take care." -Eighth Doctor

This is, of course, an inversion of the original quote:
 * "He who fights with monsters should look to it that he himself does not become a monster. And if you gaze long into an abyss, the abyss also gazes into you." -Friedrich Nietzsche