Doctor Who theme

The Doctor Who theme was composed by Ron Grainer and made its debut with the first episode of the Doctor Who series in 1963. Although it has undergone many rearrangements, this piece of music has remained the sole theme for the series throughout its history, making it one of the most recognisable themes in television. It is also one of the longest continually-used pieces of theme music in British entertainment history, surpassed only by the theme from Coronation Street (in use since 1960), and the "James Bond Theme" (in use since 1962).

It has also been used for most licensed works featuring the central Doctor Who characters, with the exception of the two Peter Cushing films of the mid-1960s, spin-off programmes, and the occasional audio production that has not featured any theme music.

The original version of the theme (heard from 1963-1967, and in a modified arrangement from 1967-1980) is considered a milestone in electronic music and a predecessor of the electronica genre of music.

Theme format
The Doctor Who theme consists of several sections which appear variously in the different arrangements, sometimes in different order, and sometimes omitted or modified:


 * Introduction section: This consists of the iconic "ba-da-da-bum, ba-da-da-bum..." bassline melody that begins most versions of the theme and carries on underneath...


 * Main melody: This is the main tune (ooo-weee-ooo...) which dominates most arrangements of the theme.


 * Middle eight: This is a sweeping phrase of melody that is used to separate repetitions of the main melody. This section of the theme has often been omitted on TV broadcasts, particularly the opening credits, although it became a major part of the opening themes used during the Sylvester McCoy era and the 1996 TV movie.


 * Bridge: a brief, percussive phrase that occurs midway through the theme. The bridge is heard on the full-length versions of the Derbyshire, Howell, and Glynn arrangements but has generally been omitted in all other TV versions of the opening theme. However, from 2005 onward, the full theme plays in the end credits.

Origins
Although Ron Grainer has always received sole credit for the theme music, Delia Derbyshire with the BBC Radiophonic Workshop was responsible for all the arrangements for Seasons 1 through 17. She was given the composition by Grainer and asked to create the music. The method she chose was to create each sound from scratch using a variety of methods from pure tones to piano strings. Each sound was then changed in pitch and duration using purely analogue equipment. The final arrangement of the theme was made by making a recording of each section (bass line, melody, etc.) and putting them together to form the final mono track. Her first arrangement was released as a single, but never used as the opening title music. It consists of the main theme and the "middle eight" in an ABABA pattern.

Two versions of this arrangement exist, one with the TARDIS' dematerialisation sound and one without. In addition, a variant version was used for the unbroadcast pilot episode version, which incorporates the sound of a thunderclap at the beginning.

Second version
The studio requested some changes and the second arrangement, used until the middle of Season 4, features some wind/wave effects. The master recording for this arrangement has a section that comes after the second repeat of the main melody (which in turn follows the first instance of the middle eight) where the bassline start a loop of several notes instead of repeating the main theme or the 'middle eight'. This version was heard through the start of the repeated bass in An Unearthly Child. On subsequent episodes, it just faded out as needed.

Grainer attempted to obtain co-writer credit for Derbyshire, but was prevented from doing so by BBC rules. Derbyshire, as a result, never received screen credit for this work, although the BBC Radiophonic Workshop did.

Third version
With Patrick Troughton now playing the Second Doctor in Season 4, came a new title sequence and another request for Derbyshire to change the arrangement of the music. She returned to the first arrangement and added what has been called a "spangle" sound effect. Again, this arrangement was just faded out as needed for the opening title sequence. This third arrangement formed the basic theme from mid-Season 4 through Season 17, although as noted below there were some modifications. The opening video was the first to feature the Doctor's face in the opening credits; this would continue until the end of the classic series in 1989.

Due to a production mistake, however, the 1963 arrangement continued to be used from Episode Three of The Macra Terror (when the new open was introduced) through Episode One of The Faceless Ones.

Fourth version
In Season 7, Jon Pertwee took over from Troughton as the Third Doctor. The music created this time around wasn't so much a new arrangement as an edit of the 1967 arrangement. An overlap edit shortened the lead-in by about 8 seconds and, after the main theme, the music moves to a repeat-to-fade ending. Early episodes have a stutter effect at the start, which disappears after Season 9. For unknown reasons, several episodes at the beginning of Season 8 reverted back to the 1967 arrangement.

In addition to changing the opening theme, the closing theme was edited too. Until Part 1 of The Ambassadors of Death, the closing credits had faded in to the main theme and then faded out after the credits. Four new edits were created for Season 7. The first was used in the first few episodes. The other three, were the same except in length. They were 42 seconds, 52 seconds, and 72 seconds long. Each started with a scream sound that was created by using a generated tone falling in pitch and the first few notes of the theme rising to pitch. This was followed by the main theme. Each one ends with the same whirling sound effect.


 * 42-second version: Theme is repeated once before the ending; this version only appeared on the audio LP of Genesis of the Daleks.
 * 52-second version: Theme is repeated twice; this was the most commonly-used version.
 * 72-second version: Features the main theme, the "middle eight", and the main theme again; this was only used on a few of the Fourth Doctor's stories, including Season 15's The Invasion of Time and Season 16's The Armageddon Factor, both six-part stories that ended their respective seasons. It would likely have also been used for the planned Shada, which would have ended Season 17.

Unused arrangement
In 1972, the BBC played with another arrangement, the first not based on the work done in 1963, using the Delaware synthesiser that the Radiophonic Workshop had. Brian Hodgson and Paddy Kingsland, with Delia Derbyshire created what has become known as the Delaware Theme. It was not well received and was not used on any BBC Broadcast in the UK. However, it had already been applied to several episodes before being replaced. At least two episodes sent to Australia and broadcast on ABC still had the Delaware Theme.; these were Carnival of Monsters, part 2, (a longer edit than the one used for uk broadcast) and Frontier in Space, part 5 (which is a few seconds longer than the uk broadcast).

Black and White test footage, made for the original Pertwee titles in 1969, were coupled with this arrangement on the The Pertwee Years VHS release.

Seasons 18-22
Season 18 saw a new producer (John Nathan-Turner) and many changes. The first was a new arrangement of Grainer's theme and a new opening sequence. The new theme was arranged by Peter Howell using his Yamaha CS-80 and ARP Odyssey synthesizers as well as his EMS Vocoder, and some additional processing to that recording. He created three recordings — the opening theme, the closing theme, and an extended cut for release as a single. The opening and closing themes followed the pattern set in 1970 with the opening doing a repeat to fade and the closing starting with a scream. However, Howell's closing theme began with the scream in the key of F-sharp minor. This obligated incidental music composers to end their final cue of the episode in the highly unusual key, or something complimentary. Howell therefore has called himself "the guy who just made it difficult for everybody". (DCOM: Meglos) Beyond this unusual feature, his closing included the "middle eight" and ended with an explosive sound. This theme was used from Season 18 through Season 22 unchanged.

The Howell opening arrangement would be revived in the 2000s when BBC Video chose to standardise the menu music for its original-series Doctor Who DVD releases. most classic-series releases continue to use the Howell arrangement.

Season 23
Season 23 saw another new arrangement by Dominic Glynn. It was more haunting and ethereal than the previous themes, but very similar to Peter Howell's arrangement in most respects (enough so that the opening credits remained unchanged from the final Howell season). Again three versions were created: opening, closing, and extended for release as a single.

Seasons 24-26
The arrival of the Seventh Doctor called for a new title sequence. Keff McCulloch's high-pitched arrangement was the first to feature the "middle eight" as a default part of the opening (although the rejected "Delaware Theme" and the theme used in "An Unearthly Child, Part 1" also featured the "middle eight"). The opening and closing themes are very similar, with the opening being longer. No version was made for release as a single. It was used from Season 24 to the end of the regular series at Season 26.

Re-mixes and variants
After the original series ended, a number of wildly variant renditions of the Doctor Who theme were recorded. An EP release, Doctor Who: Variations on a Theme (released in vinyl, standard CD, and an unusual square-shaped CD variant) featured new arrangements of the theme by Mark Ayres, Glynn and McCulloch. One of these, a Latin-based arrangement, was adopted by BBC Video and used as the theme for its series of "Years" retrospective Doctor Who videos (i.e., The Hartnell Years, etc.). Another CD release, The Worlds of Doctor Who, included several more arrangements, including a dance mix that featured Sylvester McCoy playing the spoons!

Ayres also recorded a unique arrangement of the theme to lead off the soundtrack album for the music he composed for The Curse of Fenric. In 1988, a dancehall group called The Timelords had a hit single with "Doctorin' the TARDIS", which melded together a pop arrangement of the Doctor Who theme with "Rock n' Roll Part 2" by Gary Glitter.

Back on the BBC itself, a very brief new arrangement was used for the 1993 charity Doctor Who mini-episode Dimensions in Time which was created by Cybertech. According to The Television Companion by Howe & Walker, this was Mike Fillis (who appeared as a Sea Devil in the special) and Adrian Pack, and was chosen by John Nathan-Turner during filming of the special after the Pet Shop Boys and Erasure had declined invitations to create their own arrangements.

The TV movie
The next new Doctor Who did not appear until 1996. For the made-for-TV movie, composer John Debney did the incidental music and arranged Ron Grainer's theme. Unlike all other versions, Debney's arrangement begins with a building introduction (to coincide with the on-screen narration setting up the tale), before opening with the Middle 8 (in similar fashion to the Delaware theme). The familiar bassline was somewhat muted in its melody and did not drive the theme the way it did in previous arrangements. The closing theme is a similar but different arrangement. Again, no extended version was created. Two different accounts are circulating regarding the disposition of the theme in the TV, with some accounts suggesting that Debney wanted to replace the Grainer composition with one of his own, but was overridden by the producers and the BBC, and others claiming that licensing costs for the theme were considered too high and a replacement was considered before it was decided to go with the original. Grainer did not receive screen credit for composing the theme, leading to some reference works -- as well as reviews of the film -- erroneously crediting Debney with composing the theme. This theme was published onto CD as part of a promotional CD featuring all the incidental music from the TV movie.

Big Finish and Webcasts
Another arrangement of the theme was commissioned for the Eighth Doctor audio adventures produced by Big Finish Productions starting in 2001. Instead of licensing the Debney arrangement (which was unpopular with some fans), David Arnold — best known for his association with the James Bond film series — created a sombre new arrangement. This was later replaced by a theme similar to the third version by Nicholas Briggs. For audio dramas featuring Doctors from other eras, one of the TV versions of the theme is generally used instead.

In 2003, meanwhile, Creation Music devised a new theme arrangement for the Scream of the Shalka webcast, which, like the later Murray Gold arrangement, incorporated Delia Derbyshire's original electronic melody from the 1960s.

Meanwhile, several more versions of the theme emerged. In the early 2000s, the electronica group Orbital recorded a new version of the theme that proved popular with audiences.

Preliminary themes/unused Gold version 1
The return of Doctor Who to television required a new arrangement of the theme. An advance version of the series 1 debut episode, Rose, not intended for broadcast, used a version of the original 1963 Delia Derbyshire arrangement, which had been recreated by Mark Ayres in 2002.

Ultimately, BBC Wales commissioned Murray Gold to create a new theme arrangement. A trial arrangement, bass-dominated and bearing little resemblance to what came later, appeared on TV ads promoting the series (and can be heard on the "Series 1" DVD release of these trailers). It's unclear whether this version was ever actually intended for use on the series proper.

Gold version 2
For the broadcast versions, Gold went back to basics. Gold's theme is based on the electronic melody sound sampled from the original 1963 Derbyshire arrangement with rapidly rising and falling strings added as a counter melody. The opening theme follows the normal pattern of the main theme and a repeat to fade. The closing theme again has the scream followed by the main theme and an ending effect. Although the revived series, unlike the TV movie, did give Grainer screen credit for his composition, some reviewers of the new series, unfamiliar with its history, erroneously considered the theme music a Murray Gold composition.

Gold version 2.5 (and variants)
Initially Gold was reluctant to use the "middle eight", so during series 1 only the main theme "chorus" is heard in the opening and ending. For The Christmas Invasion, the music was performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, and a new version of the closing theme was recorded by the orchestra. For this version, Gold restored the "middle eight" to the closing theme; the opening credits were as per series 1. For series 2, the same opening as series 1 was also used, but the closing theme continued to feature the "middle eight". A modified version of this new arrangement was recorded by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales for a soundtrack CD release (the CD version is notably missing the "howlaround" sound effect at the end). Yet another, abbreviated Gold arrangement of the theme was performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales at the conclusion of the 2006 "Music & Monsters" charity concert, which was broadcast on the BBC. This version focuses on the orchestra and omits the electronic sound of the TV version.

Gold version 3
For series 4, Gold created a second theme arrangement (although if one counts the unused trial version, it was actually his third). It still features the original electronic Derbyshire melody, but the strings are different and drums and piano have been added to dramatically change the feel. A new ending arrangement, with "middle eight" intact, was also composed and again recorded along with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. Reflecting new closing-credits standards introduced by the BBC in 2008, this new arrangement is also considerably shorter than that used previously, and is more directly linked with the "Next Time" trailers at the end of most episodes; in most cases the closing theme "plays under" the sound of the trailer, and comes to the front with the "middle eight" as the credit scroll begins.

For the 2008 mini-episode, Music of the Spheres, while Gold's current theme arrangement was used in the opening credits, for the closing credits the original 1963 Delia Derbyshire/BBC Radiophonic Workshop version was played (the DVD version of the concert, however, strips away the two credit sequences). The mini-episode was created for the 2008 Doctor Who Proms concert, which concluded with yet another new arrangement of the theme by Gold (his fourth major new arrangement); this version incorporated the "bridge" section which existed in the original Derbyshire, Howell and Glynn arrangements though it was never heard on TV. Unusually, the bridge in the Proms arrangement was placed between the first "verse" and the "middle eight" (in most other arrangements the bridge occurs sometime after the first appearance of the "middle eight").

The series 4 arrangement was subsequently used for 2009-10 specials, appearing for the final time in The End of Time. It was also used on promotions for series 5 until the newest version of the theme was unveiled on 3 April 2010.

Gold version 4
Gold composed yet another new version of the title music for the new title sequence used from The Eleventh Hour onwards. This version of the theme is noticeably more electronic than his previous themes, with the opening bass line lowered in volume in favour of a new counter-melody. This element is reminiscent of the Debney arrangement from the 1996 movie, while the main melody line is reminiscent of the Glynn "Trial" arrangement, with the added element of the melody being partially rendered by a vocal choir.

As broadcast, the theme is punctuated by lightning-strike sound effects, but the version released on the BBC's website and the series 5 soundtrack album does not have this effect. This version, promoted as being "full length", runs exactly one minute in duration and is by far the shortest official rendition of the theme yet released. The brevity of this arrangement is due to recent changes in the BBC's policy on closing credits. This arrangement was performed (with slight modifications) at the 2010 Doctor Who at the Proms concert in July 2010 and again in Doctor Who: The Monsters Are Coming! (also with slight modifications). This theme had a hostile reception from many viewers.

Gold version 5
Alongside the introduction of a new title sequence, Gold created a fifth arrangement that was shown at the start of the 2012 Christmas special, TV: The Snowmen. This version incorporates the TARDIS dematerialization sound as well as electronic noises. This would be the only use of this particular arrangement.

Gold version 5.5
A sixth Murray Gold arrangement of the theme debuted with TV: The Bells of Saint John in 2013. Although similar in points to Version 5, the arrangement includes additional orchestration and eliminates the non-musical sound effects heard in the Snowmen opening. It is also reminiscent of the 1986 Glynn arrangement.

Other televised themes
Since 2005 at least four different theme arrangements have been used for subsidiary programs produced by the BBC. These include the 2009 three-episode retrospective, Doctor Who Greatest Moments, as well as the behind-the-scenes series Totally Doctor Who and Doctor Who Confidential, which has featured two arrangements of the theme to date. All four arrangements are faster in tempo and more "techno" than the versions used in the series proper.

Although otherwise a completely different piece of music to the Doctor Who theme, Gold's theme for the spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures incorporates some sound effects originating from the Doctor Who theme.

A unique version of the theme was intended to be used to open the 16 November 2010 edition of the American talk show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, on which Matt Smith made an appearance during a Doctor Who-themed episode organised by the Scottish-born host, an avowed fan. Knowing the series remains unknown to many American TV viewers, Ferguson's writing team put together a production number incorporating the Orbital version of the theme, with newly written lyrics explaining what the show was about. Minutes before taping was to begin, Ferguson learned CBS had been unable to obtain clearance for the use of the theme, and the production number was cut. On 1st December 2010, however, the production number was posted to YouTube. Ferguson acknowledged the upload's existence on his show but remained silent as to whether its "leak" was intentional or not. On 6th January 2011, however, the production number was finally broadcast on Ferguson's show, prior to his interview with another Doctor Who guest star, Alex Kingston.