The Lord of the Rings

 was a book by J. R. R. Tolkien. I.M. Foreman had been reading The Lord of the Rings shortly before meeting the Eighth Doctor. She said that it was very long, but she liked the final line. When the Doctor mentioned travelling with someone named "Sam", Foreman was reminded of a character from Rings. The Doctor, for his part, was reminded that Fitz had been talking about Rings. (PROSE: Interference - Book One)

Astrolabus forced the Sixth Doctor to quote the book in The Cabinet of Astrolabus. (COMIC: Once Upon a Time Lord)

While working at a garden centre, Fitz had a conversation with a woman and convinced her that the character of Frodo had been named after a woman the author, J. R. R. Tolkien, had had a relationship with. (PROSE: The Taint)

The Tenth Doctor and Rose Tyler also were familiar with the characters from Rings. Rose referred to Chip as "Gollum" because of similarity in appearance and stature to that character. (TV: New Earth) Later, the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor jokingly called himself "the outer space Gandalf". (TV: Meanwhile in the TARDIS)