Space suit

A space suit was an article of protective clothing developed for space travel. They were needed to breathe in outer space, although beings possessed by the Beast were capable of surviving without them. (TV: 42, The Impossible Planet)

Space suits were created sometime prior to 1969 by the humans, under the guidance of the Silence, and similar technology was used by the humans as late as the end of the universe. (TV: The Impossible Astronaut, Day of the Moon, Utopia)

"The Impossible Astronaut"
When the Silence needed space suits, they implanted the idea of travelling to the Moon in the minds of the humans. They then trapped Melody Pond in a modified suit that they'd stolen from the space program; it served as an exoskeleton for her. They put twenty different kinds of alien technology in it, and the space suit was capable of operating without its inhabitant. When the Eleventh Doctor, River Song, Amy Pond and Rory Williams arrived, Melody escaped from the bonds of the suit, destroying it in the process.

In Melody's last incarnation, during which she was employing the name River Song, she was again abducted by the Silence and placed in a space suit. She sat submerged in the waters of Lake Silencio, before rising out of it and "killing" the Doctor. In reality, the Doctor was safe in a Tesselecta, and did not die from this encounter. (TV: Closing Time, The Wedding of River Song)

The Doctor's space suits
In order to take a walk on the Moon, the Second Doctor provided for himself and his companions white suits, with transparent helmets, taken from "the chest" of the TARDIS. (TV: The Moonbase)

Whilst fighting the Beast on Sanctuary Base 6 in the year 43K2.1, the Tenth Doctor acquired an orange space suit, which he used to explore the depths of the Beast's prison, a deep pit. He left the base with the suit on. (TV: The Impossible Planet, The Satan Pit)

The Doctor wore a similar suit when battling Torajii in the 42nd century. He needed it to temporarily exit the SS Pentallian. (TV: 42) The Doctor kept his Sanctuary Base 6 space suit in the TARDIS. He wore it to stroll on the surface of Mars in 2059. The helmet was damaged in the escape from Bowie Base One, and abandoned shortly after. (TV: The Waters of Mars)

The Eleventh Doctor later again wore the orange space suit, having replaced the helmet, when he travelled to a newly-formed Earth. He thought it brought out his eyes, although Clara noted that it made her eyes hurt. (TV: Hide)

Abilities
The space suit modified by the Silence, having "about twenty different kind of alien tech", was capable of many things. The suit processed sunlight directly, had built-in weaponry, and a communications system that could hack into anything, including the telephone network. River Song even claimed that you didn't have to eat with it on. (TV: Day of the Moon)