Vesuvius

Mount Vesuvius, (PROSE: A History of Humankind) or simply Vesuvius, (TV: The Fires of Pompeii) was a volcano located on the west coast of Italy. (PROSE: A History of Humankind) On 24 August 79, Vesuvius erupted, destroying the Roman city of Pompeii, (TV: The Fires of Pompeii) and burying the nearby town of Herculaneum in ash, along with several other local Roman settlements. (PROSE: A History of Humankind) The eruption lasted 24 hours and was equivalent to 24 nuclear bombs. (PROSE: The Time Travellers' Almanac)

Two incarnations of the Doctor, the seventh (AUDIO: The Fires of Vulcan) and the tenth, (TV: The Fires of Pompeii) were present in Pompeii during the eruption, though they avoided meeting. Also present were two young brothers from the future named Peter and David. They had been chasing a Dalek through time, but had lost it in the lava thrown out by Vesuvius. The boys imagined it might be possible for people to one day find a Dalek at the bottom of the ruined Pompeii. (PROSE: Timechase)

By one account, the Second Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, and Zoe Heriot were also present for the eruption, and after fleeing were drawn to the Land of Fiction. (PROSE: The Mind Robber) Other accounts, however, held that the volcanic eruption they escaped from was not even on Earth, but the planet Dulkis. (TV: The Dominators, The Mind Robber)

In an alternative timeline, Vesuvius took much longer to erupt and the people of Pompeii evacuated in their boats. (PROSE: The Algebra of Ice)

The rocklike Pyroviles used a hollowed-out chamber in the mountain as part of their plan to terraform the Earth into a rocky wasteland to replace their lost homeworld, Pyrovillia. They used the energy from the volcano to power their operations, which cancelled the eruption. This presented the Doctor with a moral dilemma: by stopping the Pyroviles he would trigger the eruption, saving the world but at the cost of Pompeii and 20'000 of its inhabitants. With the support of his companion, Donna Noble, he reversed the process and Vesuvius vengefully erupted and destroyed the Pyroviles. The explosion was as powerful as twenty-four nuclear bombs. The force of the blast cracked open a rift in time which lasted for a second. Its effects rippled backward in time, allowing the people of Pompeii to see the future. The eruption also destroyed the Pyroviles. Although almost all of the residents of Pompeii perished, one family was saved by the Doctor. This was a fixed point in time, though the Doctor was unaware he had caused it at first. (TV: The Fires of Pompeii)

The Daleks once stole the Mark One model of a time machine called the Time-Conveyor, which was built by Peter and David's uncle. They hoped to reverse-engineer their own time machine from it. Peter and David pursued them through time in the Mark Two. They finally recovered it in Pompeii during the eruption of Vesuvius, having defeated the Daleks one-by-one along the way. (PROSE: Timechase)

Captain Jack Harkness claimed to have used the eruption as part of one of his cons against the Time Agency on multiple occasions, though he would never stay for "Volcano Day". (TV: The Doctor Dances)

The Seventh Doctor's companion Melanie Bush made a replica of Mount Vesuvius out of papier mâchè while in primary school. (AUDIO: The Fires of Vulcan)

Behind the scenes
The Fires of Pompeii's corresponding Confidential episode, The Italian Job, showed a camera crew actually visiting Vesuvius for some shots. David Tennant himself chose to come as well to tour the mountain and the excavated ruins of Pompeii and remarked that Vesuvius still being active to this day lent a bit of intrigue and excitement to things. Both Tennant and the camera crew could still see smoke and steam issuing from vents.