Vashta Nerada

Vashta Nerada were swarming, carnivorous beings. The name meant "the Shadows that melt the flesh". (DW: Silence in the Library / Forest of the Dead)

Biology
The Vashta Nerada were microscopic beings that lived in swarms, thousands strong. Swarms of them lived on almost every planet which had organisms with meat. While these swarms were not common, they inspired a fear of the dark in most species across the Universe. Vashta Nerada swarms hunted in forests because they hatched from their spores there.

These swarms were able to strip a creature to its bare bones in milliseconds. The Doctor once described them as "piranhas of the air". The swarms lived in the darkness, and cast shadows when they entered the light - even to the extent of stopping the reach of light from fission lamps.

Vashta Nerada were capable of latching their shadows onto a victim's shadow and changing to appearance of their shadow to that of their victim's. This would cause the victim to have two shadows. If the swarms were discovered, they could enter at least through a thick spacesuit and devour the body. They could then use the suit as a vessel to attack more prey.

Despite being microscopic as individuals, Vashta Nerada swarms were sapient and two spacesuit-inhabiting swarms developed the ability to communicate to the Doctor through the spacesuits' Data Chips. (DW: Silence in the Library / Forest of the Dead)


 * Elemental Shades from the Howling Halls appeared similar to Vashta Nerada, but worked in different ways (DW: Love & Monsters). It is unknown if the two were related in any way.

Life Cycle
Vashta Nerada were born as microscopic spores in trees. These spores could still hatch even if the tree was processed, including if the wood was converted into paper and into books. (DW: Forest of the Dead)

History
Vashta Nerada had existed since the early Universe, and spread to many planets across the Universe. They were rare, and on some planets such as Earth they survived by scavenging meat from dead animals.

In the 50th century, however, one planet suffered a large infestation. The Library was attacked by trillions of Vashta Nerada due to the spores inside the books' paper hatching. There were no survivors, and the planet was empty for 100 years until an archaeological expedition and the Doctor with Donna Noble landed on the planet in the same day.

In this time, the Doctor was given advice on how to deal with the Vashta Nerada. This was; "Count the shadows." The Doctor later gives the Archaeological team a caution to "Stay out of the shadows." (DW: Silence in the Library / Forest of the Dead)