Evolution

Evolution was the development and change of organisms over time. It was closely linked to mutation and natural selection, although specifically it was a long-term process of adaptation, concerning the development of species in relation to "survival of the fittest".

It meant that everything from bilateral symmetry to five fingers and five toes was the result of a random mutation that conferred a slight advantage over other random mutations. Possessors would therefore have a slightly greater chance of not dying and therefore a greater chance of passing their mutated genes on to their offspring. That advantage was entirely down to local conditions, including the chemistry of the planet, the weather, the geology and the predators. Therefore different mutations would occur on different planets and different species would evolve differently. (PROSE: Slow Decay) However, evolution could also be artificially manipulated by various forms of technology, such as a hypersonic soundwave manipulator (TV: The Lazarus Experiment) or an evolution chamber. (AUDIO: Scherzo, The Next Life)

On Earth, a human scientist, Charles Darwin, "discovered" and popularised the idea in the 19th century. (AUDIO: Bloodtide, TV: Ghost Light)

Characteristics
Evolution took place over aeons. The Kaled scientist, Shan, describes how species evolve instead of individuals, and the changes accumulate over time, the process being random and beyond control. (AUDIO: Corruption) The Eighth Doctor once stated that evolution didn't work backwards. (AUDIO: Scherzo) However, it was believed the Macra had "devolved," having once been empire-builders, but eventually becoming savage beasts in the far future. (TV: Gridlock)

Evolution usually began with creatures emerging from a "primordial soup." While the process took time, accelerated evolution could be achieved such as when Josiah Samuel Smith and Control evolved through different forms during their centuries on Earth, eventually evolving into a "Victorian gentleman" and "lady." (TV: Ghost Light)

Parallel evolution was when similar attributes popped up in unrelated environments, the Twelfth Doctor citing the various Cyber-subspecies as an example of this. (TV: The Doctor Falls)

On Earth
According to Doctor Kory, earliest life on Earth started in the sea, before developing for millions of years until man was created. (COMIC: The Sea Monsters) A guide for Time Travellers informs its readers that ocean life began evolving around 410 million BC, when the first amphibious lifeforms experimented with crawling on to land. (PROSE: Time Traveller's Diary)

Light and the Reverend Ernest Matthews separately found the concept of evolution abhorrent, though for different reasons, the former because of his love of stasis and hatred of change, the latter because he found it repugnant to have evolved from monkeys, contrary to the Garden of Eden myth. (TV: Ghost Light)

The Seventh Doctor told Ace that examples of actual evolution were quite rare in Earth science, and that the universe was big enough for all the conflicting theories of species development to have some validity. (PROSE: Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark) Through a Time Manipulator, meant to redirect evolution wherever, in her opinion, it had taken the wrong route, i.e. saving the dinosaurs from extinction. (TV: Time and the Rani)

Professor Richard Lazarus had created a machine that rejuvenated himself, or, in simpler terms, a machine that allowed him to make himself younger. This transformation also accidentally unlocked a rejected option for human evolution, making him a scorpion-like mutant. (TV: The Lazarus Experiment)

By Earth Death in 5,000,000,000, humans had "mingled" to become new humans, protohumans, digihumans and humanish, leaving Lady Cassandra O'Brien.Δ17 as the "last pure human". (TV: The End of the World) Rose Tyler, however, opined that humanity had "evolved" as they were supposed to do. (TV: New Earth)

The Tenth Doctor noted that humans had spent millions of years evolving into clouds of gas, and another million as downloads, before reverting to the "basic shape" of "fundamental human" by 100,000,000,000,000. (TV: Utopia)

Elsewhere
The Time Lords evolved more quickly than other species due to prolonged exposure to the Time Vortex through such openings as the Untempered Schism. (COMIC: Old Girl) River Song was experimented on to have similar characteristics after having been conceived in the Vortex. (TV: A Good Man Goes to War)

Davros, the Kaled scientist, saw many mutations on Skaro as evolution, (AUDIO: Innocence, Purity) and wished to determine the ultimate stage of his race and to direct it. (AUDIO: Davros, Corruption, Guilt) The result of this was the Daleks. (TV: Genesis of the Daleks; AUDIO: Davros, Guilt, The Juggernauts) During the Last Great Time War, a rogue sect of Dalek Scientific Division on Asteroid Theta 12 believed that the Daleks had to evolve beyond their casings if they were to survive, experimenting with retro-evolving the Daleks back into Kaleds. (AUDIO: A Thing of Guile) After escaping the Battle of Canary Wharf, Dalek Sec and the Cult of Skaro arrived in 1930s New York. Dalek Sec wished to determine the ultimate evolution of the Daleks, which resulted in the human-Dalek. (TV: Daleks in Manhattan / Evolution of the Daleks) The Mechanoid Queen once voiced the belief that the Daleks did not evolve, remaining as they were. (WC: Planet of the Mechonoids)

The Silurian scientist Malokeh told the xenophobic warrior commander Restac how the humans evolved from the primitive apes they knew. (TV: Cold Blood)

The Kroton Absolute evolved from a form of quasi-organic tellurium-based crystal that came in contact with servo-robots. (PROSE: Alien Bodies)

Evolution was sped-up on the terraformed planet of Isen VI through the use of hyper-evolution genes. (COMIC: Terrorformer)