Scotland

Scotland was a constituent country of the United Kingdom. According to the Eleventh Doctor, it was "never conquered, not even a Shetland". (DW: Let's Kill Hitler) The capital of Scotland was Edinburgh, although the largest city was Glasgow, which was home to Torchwood Two. (TWN: The Twilight Streets) It was referenced many times when the Eleventh Doctor or Rory Williams were making jokes about Amy's personality. (DW: The Eleventh Hour, The Beast Below, Victory of the Daleks, A Good Man Goes to War, Let's Kill Hitler, Asylum of the Daleks)

History
The Sixth Doctor sent the Borad back to Scotland in the 12th century implying he might end up as the Loch Ness Monster. (DW: Timelash)

In 1705, the Alien Act was passed by the English Parliament. This forced the Scottish Parliament to negotiate full union with England. Later, the two countries' governments united to form the United Kingdom. This was opposed by Jacobite rebels.

In 1746, during the final battle of the Second Jacobite Rebellion, the Battle of Culloden, the Second Doctor first met his companion Jamie McCrimmon, a native Scot. (DW: The Highlanders)

In 1879, the Tenth Doctor and Rose Tyler battled a werewolf in Scotland, where they also met Queen Victoria. (DW: Tooth and Claw)

In 1965, Torchwood agents, including Torchwood Three's Jack Harkness, gave twelve orphan children from near Arbroath to the 456 in exchange for an anti-virus. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Four)

In 1975, the Fourth Doctor encountered the Zygons and the fabled Loch Ness Monster in the north of Scotland, presumably near Inverness. (DW: Terror of the Zygons)

During the 29th century, when the nations of the Earth were evacuating the planet due to solar flares, Scotland refused to be a part of Starship UK, instead building their own ship. (DW: The Beast Below)