The Flesh

The Flesh was a living substance used by humans to create clone workers known as Doppelgängers ("Gangers" for short) for dangerous labour, such as the mining of acid in the 22nd century.

History
Considered "the government's worst-kept secret", the Flesh was programmable matter often used in dangerous industrial work to create expendable clone bodies operated by human "drivers". Thousands of lives were saved by Doppelgängers being killed in the place of the human operators.

The Flesh was able to self-replicate. This meant there was never a risk of work forces running out of it; Miranda Cleaves compared its growth to the growth of moss.

When the Eleventh Doctor met the Flesh in the 22nd century, he claimed to have met it before because he was aware his companion, Amy Pond, had been replaced with a Ganger without her knowledge.

Some point, during the 22nd century, a Ganger in the Isle of Sheppey got separated from its operator after an electric shock and murdered him whilst still in his harness, according to factory worker Buzzer Edwards. (TV: The Rebel Flesh)

In the 22nd century, a solar tsunami caused a group of active Gangers to be separated from their human controllers. Rather than reverting to Flesh as programmed, the Gangers operated independently of the humans. They still had the memories of the humans they were based on. After failed peace attempts with the humans, the Gangers rebelled for the right to exist. The Flesh created a Ganger of the Doctor without psychic manipulation or assistance, using the sample it had taken from the Doctor's handprint and the psychic contact it had made with him.

Most of the gangers were destroyed, while the survivors of the incident evidently told the media of the flesh's sentience. (TV: The Rebel Flesh / The Almost People)

The Flesh still existed in the 52nd century, when it was used by Madame Kovarian to create Gangers, of Amy Pond to fool herself and her family into thinking that she was not missing and then Melody Pond to secure her kidnapping. (TV: A Good Man Goes to War)

Sentience
While humans acknowledged the Flesh was alive, they did not consider it a sentient or intelligent life form. They compared it to moss. Miranda Cleaves explained that the Flesh knew how to mimic life, but did not actually know how to be alive.

The Doctor, on the other hand, was not sure. When he scanned the Flesh with his sonic screwdriver, he was surprised to note it responded with a scan of its own. When he touched it, he noted he felt a consciousness in the flesh that investigated him curiously when he made contact. He told the others that the Flesh might have a consciousness of its own, but not one that humans could understand; each time they made clones it learned more about humans.

The Doctor eventually discovered through his and the other Gangers that the Flesh indeed had a sentience of its own that it was only just beginning to actualise. It was in great pain because it recalled the deaths of the Gangers born from it. This was evident during Ganger decommissioning when the Ganger's eyes would ask, "Why?" (TV: The Almost People)